Indian mathematicians and astronomers have contributed immensely in the study of the universe and have continued to do so in the ancient world as well as in the modern world.

In the ancient period, mathematicians like Aryabhata (476–550 CE) started solving many problems in mathematics and astronomy. Aryabhata in his work, the “Aryabhatiya”, used zero as a numeral, place value system and gave approximations of π. He also came up with a heliocentric theory of the solar system, he opined that the Earth also rotates on its axis, a theory that was revolutionary at that time.

Brahmagupta (598–668 CE) extended the mathematical ideas and laid down rules for arithmetic operations on negative quantities and quadratic equations. His astronomical work “Brahmasphutasiddhanta” contained procedures of finding planetary longitude and latitude and eclipses.

Further, Madhava of Sangamagrama (c. 1340–1425) who founded the Kerala School of Mathematics worked on infinite series and gave some of the ideas that was later developed by European mathematicians.

In the contemporary period, Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887–1920) provided remarkable contributions to the number theory, Continued Fractions, Infinite series and his works are still used in the present mathematics and physics.

These contributions have been very useful in the advancement of mathematical and astronomical knowledge all over the world, setting down basic principles that are still used to this date.