The British policies of permanent settlement and the ryotwari system in India had serious economic consequences. Permanent settlement, which was mainly implemented in Bengal, fixed the level of land income permanently, placing the burden of income adjustment directly on the peasants This discouraged agricultural reform because landowners have no incentive to invest in productive land or infrastructure for fear of higher taxes

Similarly, the ryotwari system implemented in places like the Madras Rashtrapatita imposed revenue directly on individual farmers. This increased direct British rule but often led to higher demands during periods of poor harvests, leaving many peasants in debt and perpetuating a cycle of poverty

Both policies contributed to increased land ownership among elites and increased rural debt. hindered agricultural modernization and industrialization, as peasant farmers lacked protection of land rights and faced exploitative practices by revenue collectors

Moreover, the unevenness of local economies undermined these policies and contributed to socioeconomic unrest and interference with the British and wealth in India. Vati is independently beyond much But they would stay