Small-scale and large-scale farmers face distinct but overlapping challenges that impact their productivity and sustainability.

Small-Scale Farmers:

1. Access to Resources: Limited access to credit, modern technology, and quality seeds can hinder productivity.
2. Market Access: Small farmers often struggle to reach markets due to inadequate infrastructure and competition with larger producers.
3. Land Tenure Security: Uncertainty about land ownership can discourage investment in long-term improvements.
4. Climate Vulnerability: Smallholders are often more susceptible to climate change impacts, affecting crop yields and livelihoods.

Large-Scale Farmers:

1. Market Volatility: Large-scale operations are sensitive to fluctuations in global markets, impacting profitability.
2. Regulatory Compliance: Navigating complex regulations and environmental standards can be resource-intensive.
3. Labor Issues: Maintaining a stable workforce can be challenging, especially with rising labor costs and changing labor laws.
4. Sustainability Pressures: Increasing demand for sustainable practices requires large-scale farmers to adapt, which can involve significant investment.

Both small and large-scale farmers must adapt to changing climates, evolving consumer preferences, and technological advancements while managing these inherent challenges to ensure long-term viability.