In addition to traditional monetary and fiscal policies, several alternative economic tools can be employed to address deflationary pressures in a country:

1. Infrastructure Spending: Government investment in infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, and public buildings stimulates economic activity, creates jobs, and boosts aggregate demand.
2. Tax Incentives: Tax cuts or credits for businesses and consumers can encourage spending and investment, thereby stimulating economic growth and combating deflation.
3. Quantitative Easing (QE): This involves central banks purchasing government securities or other financial assets to inject liquidity into the economy, lower interest rates, and encourage lending and spending.
4. Targeted Subsidies: Providing subsidies to specific industries or sectors facing particular deflationary pressures can stabilize prices and prevent a downward spiral in economic activity.
5. Currency Depreciation: A deliberate devaluation of the national currency can boost exports by making domestic goods cheaper for foreign buyers, thereby increasing demand and economic activity.
6. Labor Market Reforms: Policies that encourage job creation, reduce unemployment, and enhance workforce skills can increase consumer spending and overall economic output.
7. Price Level Targeting: Central banks can commit to maintaining a specific level of prices over the long term, which can anchor inflation expectations and prevent deflationary pressures from taking hold.
8. Public Investment in Research and Development: Funding for innovation and technology development can spur long-term economic growth, creating new industries and increasing productivity.

Each of these alternative tools can complement traditional monetary and fiscal policies, offering policymakers a diverse toolkit to combat deflation and stimulate economic recovery effectively.