Roadmap for Answer Writing

1. Introduction

• Briefly explain geothermal energy and its significance.
  E.g., Geothermal energy is a renewable, sustainable, and 24×7 energy source stored as heat beneath the Earth’s surface. It has a minimal carbon footprint and is unaffected by day-night cycles or seasonal changes.

2. Potential Sites for Geothermal Energy in India

• List major geothermal sites with brief descriptions:
  1. Puga Valley, Ladakh: Most promising site with high heat flow.
  2. Tatapani, Chhattisgarh: Extensively studied site in the Sarguja district.
  3. Manikaran, Himachal Pradesh: Known for hot springs and religious significance.
  4. Bakreswar, West Bengal: Features hot springs with good geothermal potential.
  5. Cambay Basin, Gujarat: Favorable geological conditions for energy production.
  6. Tattapani, Jharkhand: Smaller site suitable for localized projects.

3. Challenges Hindering Geothermal Energy Development in India

• Dependence on Alternative Energy Sources:
  • Historically, India relied on coal. Focus has recently shifted to solar, wind, and green hydrogen (National Green Hydrogen Mission).
• High Initial Costs:
  • Developing a geothermal power plant costs $2-$7 million per megawatt.
  • Significant financial risks due to exploratory drilling and dry wells.
• Technical Barriers:
  • Expertise in deep drilling was unavailable until recently.
• Restricted Locations:
  • Plants must be near geothermal reservoirs. Sites in remote areas complicate grid connectivity.
• Policy and Awareness Gaps:
  • Limited public awareness and weaker policy incentives compared to solar and wind energy.

4. Steps Taken and Future Potential

• Highlight India’s goal to harness 10 GW of geothermal energy by 2030.
• Mention international collaborations (e.g., US, New Zealand) for technological and operational support.

5. Conclusion

• Emphasize geothermal energy’s role as a reliable, low-carbon energy source in India’s renewable energy transition.
  E.g., With the right investments, policy focus, and technology transfer, geothermal energy can significantly contribute to India’s sustainable energy goals.