What part does micro-irrigation play in improving water-use efficiency? (200 words) [UPSC 2016]
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Role of Micro-Irrigation in Increasing Water-Use Efficiency
1. Precision in Water Application: Micro-irrigation systems, such as drip and sprinkler irrigation, deliver water directly to the plant roots in a controlled manner. This precision minimizes water wastage and evaporation losses, ensuring that water is used efficiently. For example, the drip irrigation system in Maharashtra’s onion cultivation has shown up to a 40% reduction in water usage compared to traditional methods.
2. Reduction in Water Consumption: Micro-irrigation significantly reduces the overall water consumption compared to flood irrigation. Studies indicate that drip irrigation can reduce water usage by 30-50%, which is crucial in water-scarce regions. In Gujarat, the adoption of micro-irrigation in cotton and sugarcane fields has led to savings of approximately 35% in water.
3. Enhanced Crop Yields: By providing water directly to the root zone, micro-irrigation promotes better crop growth and increased yields. For instance, in Andhra Pradesh, the use of micro-irrigation in groundnut cultivation has led to a 20-25% increase in yields due to more efficient water use.
4. Soil Moisture Management: Micro-irrigation systems maintain optimal soil moisture levels, reducing the risk of overwatering and improving soil health. The rain-fed areas of Tamil Nadu have benefited from better soil moisture management through micro-irrigation, enhancing crop resilience during dry spells.
5. Energy Efficiency: Micro-irrigation reduces the energy required for water pumping compared to conventional irrigation systems. In Karnataka, switching to micro-irrigation has led to energy savings of up to 25% due to lower water pumping needs.
Conclusion: Micro-irrigation plays a crucial role in enhancing water-use efficiency by providing precise water application, reducing consumption, increasing crop yields, managing soil moisture, and saving energy. The adoption of these systems, as seen in various states, highlights their effectiveness in optimizing water resources and improving agricultural productivity.
Model Answer
Introduction
Water scarcity is a pressing issue in India, which has 18% of the world’s population but only 4% of its freshwater resources. Agriculture consumes the majority of this water, making efficient irrigation crucial. Micro-irrigation, which includes methods like drip and sprinkler irrigation, offers a modern solution to enhance water-use efficiency.
Benefits of Micro-Irrigation
1. Reduced Water Consumption
Micro-irrigation systems can decrease agricultural water demand by 30-50%. By delivering water directly to the root zone, these systems minimize losses from conveyance, runoff, deep percolation, and evaporation.
2. Decreased Dependence on Groundwater
This method is particularly beneficial for dryland farming, helping to reduce reliance on depleting groundwater aquifers. It also lowers electricity consumption, as less water needs to be pumped.
3. Sustainability
Micro-irrigation promotes sustainable practices by replacing flood irrigation, which can lead to groundwater pollution and salinity. Localized water application prevents fertilizer washout, thereby reducing nutrient loss and leaching.
4. Scalability
Currently, less than 50% of agricultural land is irrigated, with over 80% of farmers being small and marginal. Implementing micro-irrigation can reduce dependence on monsoon rains and lower vulnerability to drought, all while conserving water.
Challenges
Despite its advantages, micro-irrigation faces challenges, particularly in affordability for small farmers. Maintenance costs for systems like tubes and sprinklers can be prohibitive, especially for those with small landholdings. Furthermore, micro-irrigation may not alleviate water stress in regions where unsuitable crops, like sugarcane and paddy, dominate.
Conclusion
Micro-irrigation holds significant promise for improving water-use efficiency in India, especially in water-scarce regions. However, it should be part of a broader strategy that includes water conservation, storage solutions, and adjustments in cropping patterns to effectively tackle the water crisis.