Despite progress, women in modern India still face suppression due to cultural, social, economic, and structural factors. Deep-rooted patriarchy and traditional gender roles persist, reinforcing male dominance. Societal expectations often prioritize women’s roles as homemakers and caregivers, limiting their opportunities for personal and professional growth.

Economic dependence is another major factor. Many women lack access to education and employment, making them financially dependent on men. Even when employed, women often earn less than men, perpetuating economic disparities. Limited access to education reduces women’s chances of achieving financial independence and empowerment.

Legal and institutional barriers also play a role. Although laws exist to protect women’s rights, enforcement is often weak, and legal systems can be biased. Women face discrimination and harassment in the workplace, discouraging them from pursuing careers. Family and community pressures further restrict women’s choices and freedoms, as traditional roles are often enforced by both family and societal expectations.

High rates of domestic violence and sexual harassment create an environment of fear, limiting women’s mobility and participation in public life. Addressing these issues requires promoting gender-sensitive education, enforcing legal protections, supporting economic empowerment, and challenging deep-seated cultural norms to achieve true gender equality in India.