Model Answer

Climate change exacerbates existing social inequalities, particularly for caste-based marginalized groups in India, such as Dalits and Adivasis. The following points highlight how these communities are disproportionately affected:

1. Impact on Agricultural Dependence

• Landless Dalit Farmers: A significant number of Dalits depend on agriculture, but due to their lack of land ownership, they are highly vulnerable during natural disasters. As per the 2011 Census, about 71% of Dalits work as farm laborers, while only 9% of cultivable land is owned by them, leaving them without insurance or resources to recover from climate-induced agricultural disruptions.
  • Fact: The IPCC AR6 report highlighted that vulnerable communities in India, including Dalits, suffer disproportionately from climate change impacts like floods and droughts.

2. Discrimination During Rescue and Relief

• Exclusion from Aid: Dalits often face discrimination during disaster relief operations, leading to insufficient support. For instance, after the Krishna floods of 2009, studies showed that Dalits were marginalized during rescue and relief activities.
  • Fact: Discrimination during relief efforts exacerbates their vulnerability to climate-induced disasters, further entrenching socio-economic disparities.

3. Limited Access to Public Resources

• Water Shortage and Caste-Based Exclusion: Caste-based discrimination results in marginalized groups, especially Dalit women, being denied access to vital resources like water. 48% of villages report Dalit women being denied access to water sources during climate crises.
  • Fact: According to the Asia-Pacific Forum for Sustainable Development, caste-based exclusion persists in times of scarcity, worsening the impact of climate change on these communities.

4. Caste-Based Sanitation Work

• Increased Demand for Sanitation Work: Caste-based divisions often force marginalized communities into sanitation work, particularly the Safai Karamcharis, many of whom are Dalits. With rising floods and blocked drains due to climate change, demand for this work increases, further perpetuating their socio-economic marginalization.
  • Fact: 95-98% of Safai Karamcharis are Dalits, predominantly women, according to the Safai Karamchari Andolan.

5. Vulnerability to Violence

• Increased Risk for Dalit Women: As climate change exacerbates water scarcity and droughts, Dalit women and girls often travel longer distances to collect water and fodder, exposing them to sexual and physical violence.
  • Fact: National Crime Records Bureau data reveals that ten Dalit women and girls are raped every day in India, further highlighting their vulnerability.

6. Living in Vulnerable Areas

• Exclusion from Mainstream Infrastructure: Dalits typically reside in areas on the periphery of villages, lacking access to essential infrastructure like drainage systems, drinking water, and flood barriers. This makes them more exposed to climate risks like floods and droughts.
  • Fact: Their social exclusion results in worse outcomes during climate-induced disasters.

Conclusion

Climate change compounds the challenges faced by caste-based marginalized groups in India, exposing them to heightened vulnerabilities in terms of access to resources, health, safety, and economic opportunities. Addressing these challenges requires specific policies that integrate the socio-economic realities of these communities into climate adaptation strategies.

Model Answer

Role of SHG Federations in India

Self-Help Group (SHG) federations have emerged as a key institutional innovation, contributing significantly to the sustainability and expansion of SHGs in India. These federations, which function at the apex level, support SHGs and other organizations at the village and cluster levels.

1. Outreach Expansion: SHG federations help increase the outreach of SHGs by extending their membership and geographic coverage. For instance, the Palma Women SHG Federation in Tamil Nadu covers over 500 SHGs with approximately 8,000 members, promoting inclusivity in rural areas.
2. Products and Services: SHG federations provide a variety of financial and non-financial services. The Bunkar Vikas Sanstha in Madhya Pradesh, for example, offers insurance, health camps, and adult literacy programs, improving the overall well-being of its members.
3. Advocacy Role: These federations advocate for the rights and well-being of their members. Nari Shakti Mahila Sangh, for instance, has played a crucial role in reducing domestic violence and curbing alcoholism in its community, showcasing the transformative social impact of federations.
4. Collaborations: SHG federations collaborate with various stakeholders, including civil society organizations, banks, government departments, and financial institutions, to foster community development and economic upliftment.

Limitations Hindering Their Effectiveness

1. Lack of Sustainable Funding: Many federations struggle with funding issues, especially those that do not offer financial services. This reluctance among members to pay fees limits the federations’ ability to operate effectively.
2. Leadership Challenges: While leadership rotation is intended to empower newer members, it often leads to management challenges and conflicts, hampering the smooth functioning of the federation.
3. Overlap with Government: Federations risk being co-opted by the government, transforming into mere delivery channels for government schemes rather than becoming strong, independent demand-driven institutions.
4. Reluctance of Banks: High-risk perceptions result in banks being reluctant to open accounts or extend bulk loans to SHG federations, limiting their access to crucial financial resources for growth.

In conclusion, while SHG federations have the potential to address poverty and promote livelihoods, overcoming these challenges is essential for them to achieve long-term sustainability and impact.

Model Answer

The Prime Minister Street Vendor’s AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) scheme, introduced to support street vendors with collateral-free working capital loans, has achieved notable successes in advancing social justice and equity. However, several challenges persist in ensuring its optimal impact.

Achievements of the Scheme

1. Inclusive Entrepreneurship
   • The scheme has significantly contributed to reducing socio-economic disparities.
   • According to an SBI Research Report, 75% of beneficiaries belong to non-general categories, reflecting its inclusivity.
2. Relief from Predatory Lending
   • Vendors previously reliant on informal lenders with exorbitant interest rates now have access to affordable credit through PM SVANidhi.
3. Gender Equity
   • Women constitute 43% of beneficiaries, showcasing the scheme’s role in empowering female entrepreneurs and addressing gender disparities.
4. Digital Inclusion
   • The scheme has improved the adoption of digital transactions among street vendors.
   • For instance, loans given to Jan Dhan beneficiaries increased digital transactions for 9.5% of users who previously conducted fewer than 10 transactions.

Challenges in Implementation

1. Banking Hurdles
   • Migrant vendors face difficulties in obtaining loans due to lack of documents, with banks often demanding unnecessary paperwork.
2. Cumbersome ULB Process
   • Obtaining a vending certificate or Letter of Recommendation from Urban Local Bodies is time-consuming and bureaucratic.
3. Lack of Awareness
   • Awareness about the scheme remains low, with 52% of street vendors in a study unaware of its benefits.
4. Limited Benefits for Minorities
   • Only 9% of loans have been disbursed to vendors from minority communities, indicating gaps in equitable access.

Conclusion

The PM SVANidhi scheme has made significant strides in fostering social justice by empowering marginalized and gendered groups. However, addressing the challenges of accessibility, awareness, and equitable outreach is crucial to ensure that its benefits reach all street vendors effectively. Simplifying processes and enhancing targeted outreach can further bolster its impact.

Model Answer

Self-Help Groups (SHGs) face several challenges in scaling up their entrepreneurial activities to become viable business entities that can serve the consumer market. These challenges hinder the transition from subsistence-level operations to large-scale enterprises.

1. Access to Finance

One of the most significant barriers for SHGs is access to finance. Most SHGs struggle to obtain suitable financial products that align with their needs, such as loans or investment capital on favorable terms. The lack of affordable financing limits their ability to invest in growth and expand their business operations (NABARD).

2. Skill Deficits

A major constraint is the low level of education and skill among SHG members. Many members are illiterate or lack managerial skills, including money, material, and manpower management. This skill deficit results in low productivity and inefficient operations, preventing SHGs from scaling up effectively (NABARD).

3. Leadership Gaps

SHGs often face challenges in leadership development. Members may lack the confidence to take on leadership roles, which undermines the group’s ability to make critical business decisions and stay committed to growth. Without strong leadership, SHGs struggle to maintain focus and direction (NABARD).

4. Inadequate Support Systems

Another key issue is the limited access to market linkages, technology, mentoring, and training. SHGs often operate in isolation without the support they need to adapt to changing market conditions or improve their product offerings (NABARD).

Steps to Overcome Challenges

1. Utilizing Institutional Support

To scale up, SHGs should tap into the vast network of government ministries, specialized agencies, and financial institutions like SIDBI and DICs, which can provide financial, technical, and business support (NABARD).

2. Digital Empowerment

Investing in digital training and capacity-building initiatives will help rural entrepreneurs connect with online platforms, access government schemes, and manage regulatory requirements efficiently (NABARD).

3. Mentoring and Handholding

Continuous mentoring and handholding can provide SHGs with guidance on accessing loans, navigating compliance issues, and enhancing their business operations. This is crucial for overcoming operational and financial hurdles (NABARD).

4. Partnerships and Networking

Forming partnerships with NGOs, industry associations, and companies can help SHGs leverage external expertise, market access, and resources. For example, Gujarat’s MoU with Amazon to support tribal entrepreneurs highlights the power of strategic partnerships (NABARD).

By addressing these challenges and implementing these remedial measures, SHGs can be transformed into successful, large-scale enterprises contributing to rural economic growth and social empowerment.

Model Answer

Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) play a crucial role in the development landscape of India, contributing significantly to governance, policy advocacy, and welfare programs.

Constructive Role of CSOs

1. Promoting Good Governance: CSOs like the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan have advocated for transparency and accountability, exemplified by their demand for the Right to Information (RTI) Act.
2. Policy Advocacy: CSOs engage in dialogues with the government to empower marginalized groups. For instance, ‘Save the Children India’ works on child rights and social welfare policies.
3. Active Development Partners: NGOs such as ‘Pratham’ and ‘Asha’ contribute to education in underserved areas, while the Paani Foundation works to make villages drought-free through community mobilization.
4. Mobilizing Citizens and Resources: CSOs involve communities in development planning, creating infrastructure and addressing local needs, enhancing community participation.

Challenges Faced by CSOs

1. Financial Constraints: Many CSOs struggle with inadequate funds due to limited capacity of local beneficiaries and declining international donations.
2. Staffing Issues: A significant gap exists in the availability of trained professionals in the voluntary sector, with many workers being underqualified.
3. Accountability Concerns: Transparency issues arise, especially regarding financial management, leading to misuse of funds in some cases.
4. Government Interface: Interaction with the government can be challenging, with bureaucratic inertia and overbearing officials hindering effective cooperation.

Solutions

Addressing these challenges requires fostering dialogue between CSOs and the government, investing in skill development, and implementing social audits for better accountability. These steps will ensure the sustainability and efficiency of civil society efforts in India.

(Adapted from content on the role and challenges of CSOs in India).