**Objectives of Farmers’ Movements:**

Farmers’ movements, such as the Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU) and the All India Kisan Sangharsh Coordination Committee (AISKCC), aim to:

1. **Protect Farmers’ Rights:** Ensure fair prices for their produce, secure their livelihoods, and protect their rights as producers.
2. **Solve Agrarian Crisis:** Address the agrarian crisis, including issues like debt, poverty, and farmer suicides.
3. **Improve Agricultural Policies:** Influence agricultural policies to benefit farmers, such as implementing minimum support prices (MSPs), reducing taxes, and improving credit facilities.

**Strategies:**

1. **Non-Violent Protests:** Organize non-violent protests, including sit-ins, demonstrations, and marches, to draw attention to farmers’ issues.
2. **Mass Mobilization:** Mobilize large numbers of farmers to participate in protests and campaigns, making it difficult for the government to ignore their demands.
3. **Negotiations and Diplomacy:** Engage in negotiations with governments, political parties, and other stakeholders to find solutions to farmers’ problems.
4. **Awareness Rallies:** Organize awareness rallies and public meetings to educate farmers about their rights, the importance of collective action, and the need for policy reforms.

**Influence on Agricultural Policies:**

1. **Minimum Support Prices (MSPs):** The BKU and AISKCC have successfully pushed for the implementation of MSPs for various crops, ensuring that farmers receive a fair price for their produce.
2. **Debt Relief:** The movements have advocated for debt relief schemes, such as the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) scheme, which provides financial assistance to small and marginal farmers.
3. **Farm Bills:** The movements have influenced farm bills, such as the Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill, 2020, which aims to deregulate agricultural markets and benefit farmers.
4. **Agrarian Crisis Mitigation:** The movements have highlighted the agrarian crisis and pushed for measures to address issues like farmer suicides, poverty, and indebtedness.

**Assessment:**

1. **Successes:** The farmers’ movements have achieved significant successes in influencing agricultural policies and ensuring some relief for farmers.
2. **Challenges:** Despite these successes, the movements face challenges in achieving their objectives due to government resistance, internal conflicts, and limited resources.
3. **Impact:** The movements have raised awareness about farmers’ concerns and highlighted the need for policy reforms. However, more needs to be done to address the root causes of the agrarian crisis.

**Conclusion:**

Farmers’ movements like the BKU and AISKCC have played a crucial role in representing the concerns and demands of the agricultural community. Their non-violent protests, mass mobilization, and negotiations have influenced agricultural policies and led to some positive changes. However, more needs to be done to address the agrarian crisis and ensure that farmers receive a fair deal.

**Influence of Student Unions:**

Student unions, such as the National Students’ Union of India (NSUI) and the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP), have a significant influence on campus politics, educational reforms, and the larger political landscape of India. Here’s an assessment of their influence:

1. **Campus Politics:** Student unions play a crucial role in shaping campus politics, often influencing student elections, decision-making processes, and university policies.
2. **Educational Reforms:** Student unions advocate for educational reforms, such as improvements in infrastructure, curriculum changes, and student welfare initiatives.
3. **National Politics:** Student unions often engage in national politics, mobilizing students to participate in political campaigns, protests, and movements.

**Dynamics between Student Activism and Government Response:**

The relationship between student activism and the government’s response is complex:

1. **Government Repression:** The government has often responded to student activism with repression, including police brutality, arrest warrants, and censorship.
2. **State-Sponsored Unions:** Some student unions have received government support or funding, which can influence their agendas and actions.
3. **Protest and Resistance:** Student unions have used protests and resistance as a means to voice their concerns and demands, often resulting in clashes with authorities.
4. **Collaboration and Compromise:** In some cases, student unions have collaborated with the government to achieve common goals or compromised on specific issues.

**Case Studies:**

1. **JNU Row (2016):** The Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) controversy highlighted the government’s response to student activism. The ABVP’s role in the protests led to widespread criticism of the government’s handling of the situation.
2. **Anti-CAA Protests (2019-2020):** The anti-Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) protests saw widespread student activism across India. The NSUI and other student unions played a key role in organizing protests and rallies against the law.
3. **JNU Protests (2020):** The JNU protests against fee hikes and administrative changes highlighted the tension between student activism and government response.

**Challenges Faced by Student Unions:**

1. **Funding Constraints:** Student unions often face funding constraints, making it difficult to sustain their activities and initiatives.
2. **Government Interference:** Government interference can compromise the autonomy of student unions and restrict their ability to function effectively.
3. **Internal Conflicts:** Internal conflicts within student unions can weaken their collective strength and effectiveness.

**Conclusion:**

Student unions like NSUI and ABVP play a significant role in shaping campus politics, educational reforms, and national politics in India. While they have made important contributions to social movements and political debates, they also face challenges from government repression, funding constraints, and internal conflicts. The dynamics between student activism and government response are complex, often marked by both cooperation and confrontation.

**Chipko Movement (1970s)**

**Objectives:**

1. **Conservation of Forests:** The Chipko movement aimed to protect the forests and the rights of local communities to use them sustainably.
2. **Empowerment of Women:** The movement sought to empower women to take an active role in environmental conservation and decision-making processes.

**Strategies:**

1. **Non-Violent Direct Action:** The movement employed non-violent direct action, including hugging trees (hugging the trees to prevent logging) and organizing sit-ins.
2. **Community-Based Conservation:** The movement focused on community-based conservation, involving local communities in the management and protection of forests.
3. **Education and Awareness:** The movement raised awareness about the importance of forests and the impact of deforestation on the environment and local communities.

**Contribution:**

1. **Protection of Forests:** The Chipko movement helped protect several hundred thousand hectares of forests in the Himalayas.
2. **Empowerment of Women:** The movement empowered women to take a leading role in environmental conservation and community decision-making processes.
3. **Sustainable Development:** The Chipko movement promoted sustainable development by highlighting the importance of conservation and community involvement in forest management.

**Save the Narmada Movement (1980s-1990s)**

**Objectives:**

1. **Protection of the Narmada River:** The movement aimed to protect the Narmada River from large-scale dam projects and promote sustainable development.
2. **Resettlement and Rehabilitation:** The movement sought to ensure fair compensation and rehabilitation for displaced communities affected by dam projects.

**Strategies:**

1. **Non-Violent Protests:** The movement employed non-violent protests, including sit-ins, hunger strikes, and marches.
2. **Mass Mobilization:** The movement mobilized large numbers of people, including farmers, tribals, and workers, to participate in protests and campaigns.
3. **International Support:** The movement gained international support from environmental organizations and human rights groups.

**Contribution:**

1. **Protection of the Narmada River:** The Save the Narmada Movement helped delay and modify large-scale dam projects, ensuring that the Narmada River remained relatively untouched.
2. **Resettlement and Rehabilitation:** The movement ensured fair compensation and rehabilitation for displaced communities, promoting just treatment for affected individuals.
3. **Promotion of Sustainable Development:** The Save the Narmada Movement highlighted the importance of sustainable development, emphasizing the need for environmentally friendly and socially responsible practices.

**Evaluation:**

Both the Chipko movement and the Save the Narmada movement demonstrate the effectiveness of environmental pressure groups in promoting conservation, protecting indigenous communities, and advocating for sustainable development. Their strategies, including non-violent direct action, community-based conservation, education, and mass mobilization, have contributed to significant positive outcomes:

1. **Environmental Conservation:** Both movements have protected significant areas of natural habitats, highlighting the importance of community-based conservation.
2. **Indigenous Community Protection:** Both movements have prioritized the rights and well-being of indigenous communities, ensuring fair treatment and compensation for affected individuals.
3. **Sustainable Development:** Both movements have promoted sustainable development by emphasizing the need for environmentally friendly and socially responsible practices.

However, both movements have also faced challenges, such as government resistance, lack of resources, and limited public awareness. Despite these challenges, their legacy continues to inspire future generations of environmental activists and advocates for social justice.