What teachings of Buddha are most relevant today and why? Discuss. (150 words) [UPSC 2020]
Model Answer Introduction Max Weber, a prominent sociologist, asserted that it is unwise to apply personal moral and ethical norms to public administration. He emphasized that state bureaucracy possesses its own independent bureaucratic morality, essential for the efficient functioning of administraRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Max Weber, a prominent sociologist, asserted that it is unwise to apply personal moral and ethical norms to public administration. He emphasized that state bureaucracy possesses its own independent bureaucratic morality, essential for the efficient functioning of administrative systems. This statement invites critical examination of the interplay between morality and public administration.
Body
Bureaucratic Morality and Efficiency
Weber’s argument acknowledges the necessity of a specialized moral code tailored to bureaucratic operations. The state bureaucracy functions within a complex framework of rules and regulations, and public administrators must adhere to these standards to deliver public services efficiently. This bureaucratic morality serves as a guideline for officials, facilitating decision-making and ensuring accountability.
Critique of Bureaucratic Exclusivity
Conversely, Weber’s stance has drawn criticism for potentially minimizing the importance of moral and ethical considerations in public administration. By suggesting that bureaucracy should operate independently of societal moral values, there is a risk of fostering an environment where decisions are driven solely by adherence to rules. This can result in outcomes that conflict with the broader ethical principles of society, eroding public trust in government institutions.
For instance, bureaucratic decisions that prioritize procedural compliance over ethical implications may lead to injustices, such as racial profiling in law enforcement or discriminatory policies in public services. These actions can create a disconnect between the state and its citizens, undermining the legitimacy of public administration.
Finding a Balance
It is crucial to strike a balance between bureaucratic efficiency and moral responsibility. While a distinct bureaucratic morality is necessary, it should align with broader societal values. Public administrators must be held accountable for their actions, guided by ethical principles of fairness, justice, and equality.
Conclusion
Weber’s assertion that public administration should adhere to unique moral standards holds some validity; however, it must be tempered by an awareness of social and ethical implications. An ethical framework that integrates bureaucratic efficiency with societal values is essential for fostering trust and legitimacy in public administration.
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Model Answer Introduction Buddha's teachings are timeless and continue to be relevant today, as they provide guidance for living a happy and fulfilling life, both individually and collectively. The principles he laid out resonate deeply in contemporary society, addressing issues like suffering, ethiRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Buddha’s teachings are timeless and continue to be relevant today, as they provide guidance for living a happy and fulfilling life, both individually and collectively. The principles he laid out resonate deeply in contemporary society, addressing issues like suffering, ethical living, and mindfulness.
The Four Noble Truths
One of Buddha’s core teachings is the Four Noble Truths, which outline the nature of suffering and its cessation. The first truth acknowledges that suffering exists (Sangha, 2020). The second identifies craving as the root cause of suffering. The third asserts that it is possible to end suffering, and the fourth offers a path to achieve this (Bodhi, 1995). This framework is particularly relevant in today’s high-stress society, helping individuals confront and understand their challenges.
The Eightfold Path
Buddha’s Eightfold Path serves as a practical guide to ethical living, encompassing right understanding, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration (Rahula, 1974). This holistic approach encourages individuals to cultivate virtues that foster personal and communal well-being, promoting harmony in diverse environments.
Non-violence and Compassion
Buddha emphasized non-violence and compassion towards all beings. This principle is crucial in today’s world, where conflict and aggression often prevail. His teachings advocate for empathy and understanding, which align with the values expressed in India’s constitution and its commitment to peace (Gupta, 2019).
Impermanence and Mindfulness
The teaching of impermanence reminds us to accept change, a vital lesson in a rapidly evolving world (Kabat-Zinn, 1990). Coupled with the practice of mindfulness, which promotes being present and aware, these teachings have gained traction in various sectors, including education and mental health, aiding people in coping with anxiety and stress.
Conclusion
Buddha’s teachings continue to inspire and guide people towards a more fulfilling and compassionate way of life, both in India and around the world. Their relevance in promoting ethical living, mindfulness, and compassion highlights their enduring significance in addressing contemporary issues.
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