Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Contextualize Mauryan art: Briefly mention the time frame (322 to 185 BCE) and its significance in Indian history. Thesis statement: State that Mauryan art is characterized by the influence of foreign elements alongside the continuation of indigenous ...
Model Answer Diversity in Kalinga School of Architecture The Kalinga school of architecture, primarily known for its temple architecture, showcases a remarkable diversity in styles and forms that evolved between the 6th and 16th centuries AD. This diversity is characterized by distinct temple types,Read more
Model Answer
Diversity in Kalinga School of Architecture
The Kalinga school of architecture, primarily known for its temple architecture, showcases a remarkable diversity in styles and forms that evolved between the 6th and 16th centuries AD. This diversity is characterized by distinct temple types, structural components, and architectural plans.
Major Styles of Temples
Kalinga architecture is predominantly represented through three main styles of shrines based on the shape of the main superstructure, known as deul:
- Rekha Deula: This style features a curvilinear shikhara. Notable examples include the Lingaraja Temple in Bhubaneshwar and the Jagannatha Temple in Puri. These temples exemplify the elegance of the curvilinear design, which is a hallmark of the Nagara style.
- Bhadra/Pidha Deula: Often referred to as the “flat seat temple,” this style has a stepped, compressed pyramid form. The Bhaskareshwar Temple in Bhubaneshwar is a prominent example, showcasing the simplicity and strength of this architectural form.
- Khakhara Deula: Characterized by an elongated barrel roof, this style is exemplified by the Vaital Deula Temple and the Varahi Deul Temple in Chaurashi. These temples highlight the innovative roof designs that distinguish this style.
Structural Components and Plans
Kalinga temples typically consist of two main parts: the sanctum (deul) and the frontal hall (jagmohana). Over time, additional structures such as the natamandira (dance pavilion) and bhogamandapa (offering hall) were incorporated, as seen in the Ananta Vasudeva Temple in Bhubaneshwar.
The architectural plan is noteworthy for its cruciform shape, often enhanced by vertical projections called rathakas. A prime example is the Mukteshvara Temple, which is classified based on the number of rathakas, showcasing the complexity and artistic innovation of Kalinga architecture.
Conclusion
The Kalinga school of architecture reflects a rich blend of indigenous styles and regional influences, resulting in a diverse and intricate architectural heritage that continues to be celebrated today. This diversity is not merely aesthetic but also functional, catering to the evolving rituals and practices of the time.
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Model Answer Foreign Influences One significant foreign influence on Mauryan art is the impact of Achaemenid and Hellenistic styles. For instance, the pillared structures of Mauryan architecture, particularly the halls at Kumrahar, exhibit similarities to the Achaemenid Hall of Hundred Columns at PeRead more
Model Answer
Foreign Influences
One significant foreign influence on Mauryan art is the impact of Achaemenid and Hellenistic styles. For instance, the pillared structures of Mauryan architecture, particularly the halls at Kumrahar, exhibit similarities to the Achaemenid Hall of Hundred Columns at Persepolis. Strabo noted that decorative features, such as gold vines and silver birds on Mauryan pillars, are reminiscent of those in the palaces of Ekbatana, Persia .
Furthermore, the technique of polishing stone columns, a hallmark of Achaemenid masonry, suggests a transfer of stone-finishing technologies to the Mauryan artisans. Additionally, the stylized animal motifs found in Mauryan art, particularly the lion with its distinctive inward-curving mustaches and inlaid eyebrows, reflect Persian and Hellenistic aesthetics. The realism observed in Mauryan animal figures also draws parallels to Greek sculpture.
Indigenous Traditions
Despite these foreign influences, Mauryan art firmly rooted itself in indigenous traditions. The Ashokan pillars are linked to the Dhvajasthambha tradition, serving as simple freestanding monuments, distinct from their Achaemenid counterparts. An example is the Rampurva Bull Pillar, showcasing a uniquely Indian form.
Additionally, the Yaksha and Yakshi figures in Mauryan art draw from ancient traditions, with connections to the Indus Valley civilization, exemplified by the Yakshi figure from Didarganj, Patna. The stupa, an ancient burial mound from the Vedic era, was elaborated upon during the Mauryan period, as seen in the intricate toranas of the Sanchi stupa.
In conclusion, Mauryan art represents a sophisticated synthesis of foreign elements and indigenous traditions, highlighting a continuous process of cultural adoption and adaptation.
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