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Can the strategy of regional resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (250 words) [UPSC 2019]
Regional Resource-Based Manufacturing for Employment Promotion in India 1. Employment Generation through Local Resources: The strategy of regional resource-based manufacturing focuses on utilizing locally available raw materials to establish industries, which can significantly boost employment in ruRead more
Regional Resource-Based Manufacturing for Employment Promotion in India
1. Employment Generation through Local Resources:
The strategy of regional resource-based manufacturing focuses on utilizing locally available raw materials to establish industries, which can significantly boost employment in rural and underdeveloped areas. For example, the textile industry in Gujarat, based on locally grown cotton, has created numerous jobs, supporting both agriculture and manufacturing sectors.
2. Boost to MSMEs:
Regional resource-based manufacturing can drive the growth of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) by leveraging local resources. MSMEs are the backbone of employment in India, providing nearly 30% of total jobs. A case in point is Chhattisgarh’s bamboo-based industry, which has empowered local artisans and small enterprises, promoting sustainable livelihoods.
3. Inclusive Economic Growth:
By focusing on local resources, industries can stimulate inclusive growth in backward regions, reducing the economic disparity between urban and rural areas. Odisha’s steel and aluminum industries, based on local mineral resources, have not only generated employment but also contributed to regional development.
4. Environmental Sustainability and Reduced Costs:
Regional manufacturing reduces transportation costs and energy consumption, thus promoting environmental sustainability. For example, Kerala’s coir industry uses locally available coconut husk, minimizing carbon emissions while promoting local employment.
5. Challenges and Solutions:
While this strategy has potential, challenges like skill development and infrastructure bottlenecks must be addressed. Skill enhancement programs like PMKVY (Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana) can support local labor in adapting to industrial needs, ensuring the success of this strategy.
Conclusion:
See lessThe strategy of regional resource-based manufacturing has significant potential to promote employment in India, especially in rural and backward areas. By aligning local resources with industrial growth, India can achieve both economic development and employment generation, as seen in regions like Gujarat and Odisha.
What are the main socio-economic implications arising out of the development of IT industries in major cities of India? (250 words) [UPSC 2021]
Socio-Economic Implications of IT Industry Development in Major Indian Cities Economic Growth and Employment Opportunities: The growth of the IT industry in major Indian cities, such as Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Pune, has significantly contributed to the country's economic development. Increased jobRead more
Socio-Economic Implications of IT Industry Development in Major Indian Cities
Economic Growth and Employment Opportunities:
The growth of the IT industry in major Indian cities, such as Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Pune, has significantly contributed to the country’s economic development. Increased job creation is one of the most notable impacts. For instance, Bangalore, often referred to as the “Silicon Valley of India,” houses numerous IT companies, contributing to high employment rates in the sector. The IT industry also stimulates ancillary sectors such as real estate, retail, and hospitality, boosting overall economic activity.
Urban Development and Infrastructure Strain:
The rapid expansion of IT industries has led to urban development but also created substantial infrastructure strain. Cities like Hyderabad and Chennai have seen significant growth in office spaces, residential complexes, and commercial areas. However, this has also led to challenges such as traffic congestion, overburdened public services, and inadequate waste management. For example, the influx of IT professionals in Bangalore has exacerbated traffic issues, making daily commutes increasingly difficult.
Social Disparities and Migration:
The IT boom has led to a rise in social disparities. The influx of high-paying IT jobs has increased the cost of living, particularly affecting lower-income groups. The development has also prompted significant rural-to-urban migration, as individuals from smaller towns move to IT hubs in search of better opportunities. This migration often results in overcrowded slums and informal settlements, highlighting the socio-economic divide.
Skill Development and Education:
On a positive note, the IT sector has led to enhanced skill development and educational opportunities. Institutions and training programs focusing on IT skills have proliferated, improving the educational landscape. For instance, the growth of IT companies in Pune has led to the establishment of numerous technology institutes that cater to the demand for skilled professionals.
Cultural Impact and Lifestyle Changes:
The presence of a significant IT workforce has also influenced the cultural and lifestyle dynamics of these cities. The exposure to global cultures and lifestyles has led to cultural diversification and changes in urban lifestyles, including increased consumption of global brands and entertainment options.
Conclusion:
The development of IT industries in major Indian cities has multifaceted socio-economic implications, including economic growth and job creation, urban strain, social disparities, enhanced educational opportunities, and cultural shifts. Addressing the associated challenges while leveraging the benefits is crucial for sustainable urban and economic development.
See lessHighlight the significance of industrial clusters for India. Identify the prominent industrial clusters within the country and describe their main characteristics.
An industrial cluster is a geographic concentration of interconnected companies, suppliers, and supporting institutions within a specific industry or sector, facilitating collaboration, knowledge exchange, and shared resources to enhance the competitiveness and innovation of the businesses involved.Read more
An industrial cluster is a geographic concentration of interconnected companies, suppliers, and supporting institutions within a specific industry or sector, facilitating collaboration, knowledge exchange, and shared resources to enhance the competitiveness and innovation of the businesses involved. Examples include Auto Tech Cluster in Ludhiana, and Hi-tech Metal Cluster in Mohali. They hold immense significance by shaping the economic topography of India.
Significance of Industrial Clusters for India:
Industrial Clusters in India and Their Characteristics:
Industrial clusters serve as pivotal catalysts for India’s economic growth and its drive towards global competitiveness. Given India’s ambitious goal of achieving a $5 trillion economy by 2025, it is imperative to prioritize the nurturing and sustenance of these clusters through strategic investments, robust policy support, and a relentless commitment to fostering innovation.
See lessGive a brief account of the state of IT & BPM (Business Process Management) industry in India. Also, discuss the factors that are at play in determining the location of IT hubs in different Indian cities.
The Information Technology-Business Process Management (IT-BPM) sector is a major segment of India's services. It accounts for 8% of India's GDP, employing more than 1.2 million people and constitutes sub-sectors such as Information Technology Services, Business Process Management (BPM), Hardware anRead more
The Information Technology-Business Process Management (IT-BPM) sector is a major segment of India’s services. It accounts for 8% of India’s GDP, employing more than 1.2 million people and constitutes sub-sectors such as Information Technology Services, Business Process Management (BPM), Hardware and Software Products and Engineering services.
State of IT-BPM industry in India:
Factors that are at play in determining the location of IT hubs in different Indian cities are the following:
Apart from the above factors, other elements such as ‘work from anywhere’, relocation of talent to their hometowns, are critical in the evolution of Tier-II and III cities as supplementary ecosystems to the already established IT-BPM locations. Ahmedabad, Surat, Vadodara and Nagpur draw strength from mature IT-BPM destinations like Mumbai, Navi-Mumbai, Thane and Pune. Also, most Southern cities benefit from the presence of IT industries in Bengaluru, Hyderabad and Chennai.
See lessAs the world grapples with an acute semiconductor shortage, there is an opportunity for India to tap into this sector. In this context, discuss the challenges that confront the chip design industry in India and mention the steps that can be taken in this regard.
The chip-making industry is a highly concentrated one, with the big players being Taiwan, South Korea, the US, among others. The global chip shortage, US-China tensions over Taiwan, and the supply chain blockages owing to the Russia-Ukraine conflict have led major economies to enter the chip-makingRead more
The chip-making industry is a highly concentrated one, with the big players being Taiwan, South Korea, the US, among others. The global chip shortage, US-China tensions over Taiwan, and the supply chain blockages owing to the Russia-Ukraine conflict have led major economies to enter the chip-making sector with a renewed push.
Considering the fast-developing electronics manufacturing and innovation ecosystem going forward, India is in a good position to take advantage of the current circumstances. The global market for producing semiconductors is expected to reach $1 trillion by 2030 and India has the chance to take home nearly $80 billion of the market according to the India Electronics and Semiconductor Association.
However, given its relative inexperience in the field, India still has a lot of obstacles/challenges to clear before it can play a significant role in the chip-making supply chain, such as:
Although the government has taken several steps such as production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme, design-linked initiative (DLI) scheme, establishing semiconductor plants in different states, etc., various steps can be taken to give a push to the chip design industry in India. These include:
Due to the rising demand for digital products, semiconductor sales on a global scale reached $152.5 billion in the second quarter of 2022. Concerted efforts are required to set up India’s own ‘Silicon Valley’ as India transitions from chip-taking to chip-making.
See lessDescribe the challenges and opportunities of tourism in glacier and ice-covered areas.
Tourism in regions covered in ice and glaciers, such as the Himalayas and the northern regions of India, presents both opportunities and challenges: Opportunities: Natural Beauty and Unique Landscapes: Glacial and ice covered regions offer breathtaking view with its snow peaks, glaciers, and lakes,Read more
Give a critical account of region-specific constraints with regard to sustainable tourism in India.
The World Tourism Organization defines sustainable tourism as "tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities". India has emerged as one of the fastest growingRead more
The World Tourism Organization defines sustainable tourism as “tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities”. India has emerged as one of the fastest growing locations for tourism due to improved access to distant locations, larger disposable income and rising lifestyle aspirations of the domestic population and increased number of international tourists.
However, region-specific constraints exist with regard to sustainable tourism. These include:
In the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, SDG target 8.9 aims to devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism. In this regard, the Ministry of Tourism has launched the National Strategy for Sustainable Tourism and Responsible Traveller Campaign.
See less