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Assess the program’s ability to address challenges of rural distress, migration, and sustainable livelihoods. Evaluate the efficacy of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in generating assets, employment, and income security in rural India.
Do you think that India has a small demographic window to accomplish its socioeconomic goals because of dropping fertility rates? What areas of policy should be prioritized in order to benefit from the demographic dividend going forward? (Answer in 250 ...
As per the National Family Health Survey-5, India's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has declined from 2.2 in 2015-16 to 2.0 in 2019-21. With falling fertility, rising median age (from 24 years in 2011 to 29 years currently which is expected to be 36 years by 2036), and a falling dependency ratio (expecteRead more
As per the National Family Health Survey-5, India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has declined from 2.2 in 2015-16 to 2.0 in 2019-21. With falling fertility, rising median age (from 24 years in 2011 to 29 years currently which is expected to be 36 years by 2036), and a falling dependency ratio (expected to decrease from 65% to 54% in the coming decade), India is in the middle of a demographic transition. With this, India will have a nano demographic window in the two decades of 2020 to 2040, to achieve the socio-economic objectives as follows:
However, without adequate policies, the nano demographic window may lead to rising unemployment, thereby fuelling economic and social risks. Further, with the passage of time, the share of the older population will rise and that of the working age population will begin to fall. To address these challenges and to gain from the nano demographic window, India needs to take various measures, such as:
Such comprehensive measures will help India not only to capitalise on the nano demographic window for becoming a developed country, but also to lay a solid foundation for the generation that will enter the demographic divided window.
See lessWhere does human capital come from? Emphasize the part that human capital plays in a nation’s economic development . (Answer in 200 words)
What are the sources of human capital? Highlight the role that human capital plays in the economic growth of a country. Population becomes human capital when investment is made in education, training, and medical care. India is the world's most populous country, but looking at the population from aRead more
What are the sources of human capital? Highlight the role that human capital plays in the economic growth of a country.
Population becomes human capital when investment is made in education, training, and medical care.
India is the world’s most populous country, but looking at the population from a productive perspective emphasizes its ability to play an important role in the economic growth of the country.
The quality of a population depends upon the literacy rate, health of a person as indicated by life expectancy, and skill formation acquired by the people of the country.
Education: By providing quality education and industry-specific training, we can increase the quality of the population. This will solve the problem of unemployment to some extent by providing quality industry-specific training. Investment in the number of colleges and universities and recruitment of teachers can be a greater source of turning the population into human capital.
Health: In a highly populated country, people must be educated about the health and prevention of disease. Social awareness is the greatest weapon a country has. Investment in healthcare institutions, hospitals, and health awareness programs is the backbone of the economic growth of the country.
Investment in human capital through education, training, and medical care yields a return just like investment in physical capital. This can be seen directly in the form of higher incomes earned because of the higher productivity of more educated or better-trained people, as well as the higher productivity of healthier people.
India’s Green Revolution is a dramatic example of how the input of greater knowledge in the form of improved production technologies can rapidly increase the productivity of the land. India’s IT revolution is another example of how human capital has come to acquire a higher position than that of material, plant, and machinery.
Hence, human capital can turn the challenges of a population into solutions for the economic growth of a country.
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Effectiveness of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) 1. Overview of MGNREGA Objective and Scope Legislative Foundation: Enacted in 2005, MGNREGA provides a legal guarantee for 100 days of wage employment per year to every rural household whose adult members volunteerRead more
Effectiveness of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
1. Overview of MGNREGA
Objective and Scope
Key Achievements
Employment Generation
Income Security
Asset Creation
2. Challenges and Limitations
Implementation Issues
Rural Distress and Migration
Sustainable Livelihoods
3. Strategies to Enhance Effectiveness
Improving Implementation and Governance
Addressing Rural Distress and Migration
Enhancing Asset Creation and Utilization
4. Conclusion
MGNREGA has played a crucial role in providing employment, income security, and asset creation in rural India. It has contributed significantly to reducing rural poverty and enhancing livelihood security. However, challenges such as implementation issues, rural distress, migration, and the need for sustainable livelihoods persist. By improving governance, integrating MGNREGA with other development programs, and focusing on the quality and sustainability of assets, India can enhance the effectiveness of MGNREGA and better address the needs of its rural population.
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