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Home/upsc: energy resources

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Ronak Lal
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Ronak LalBegginer
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
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What kinds of alternative energy sources are there in India? Emphasize their role in supplying environmentally sustainable energy. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: energy resources
  1. Abhishek shaju
    Abhishek shaju Begginer
    What are the different non-conventional energy sources available in India? Highlight their importance in providing eco-friendly energy.

    India utilizes several non-conventional energy sources, including solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal, tidal, and wave energy. Solar and wind energy harness natural resources to generate clean power, significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Hydropower leverages river systems for reliableRead more

    India utilizes several non-conventional energy sources, including solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal, tidal, and wave energy. Solar and wind energy harness natural resources to generate clean power, significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Hydropower leverages river systems for reliable electricity while supporting flood control and irrigation. Biomass energy recycles organic waste into power, aiding waste management and supporting rural economies. Geothermal, tidal, and wave energy offer consistent and eco-friendly alternatives with minimal environmental impact. Collectively, these sources contribute to India’s goal of a sustainable and diversified energy mix, helping reduce reliance on fossil fuels and combat climate change.

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Rishi Sharma
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Rishi SharmaBegginer
Asked: June 25, 2024In:
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For a variety of factors, India’s significant wind energy potential is still unrealized. Examine and recommend a course of action. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: energy resources
  1. Swati
    Swati Begginer

    India ranks third in the world in terms of energy consumption. India ranks fourth in the world in terms of wind power. At COP26, the country raised its target of 500 GW of energy from non-fossil fuels by 2030. It is the largest renewable energy expansion program in the world The major reasons for unRead more

    India ranks third in the world in terms of energy consumption. India ranks fourth in the world in terms of wind power. At COP26, the country raised its target of 500 GW of energy from non-fossil fuels by 2030. It is the largest renewable energy expansion program in the world

    The major reasons for underutilization of wind energy energy in India are:

    1. Complex land use
    Investing in wind energy without land acquisition regulations makes it difficult to acquire land. This has increased land costs for wind farms and increased the risk to local wildlife.

    2. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
    The pandemic and delayed supply chain issues are to blame for the delay in realizing all that can be done.

    3. Skills and manpower requirements
    Concerns are also being raised about the sector’s technical capacity and human resource requirements, particularly in the emerging offshore wind projects.

    4. Need for legal framework
    A comprehensive regulatory framework, incentives for producers, solutions to land access challenges, spending on skills development and emphasizing the domestic supply chain are all needed to comply solve these problems

    5. High capital requirements
    Offshore wind farms require higher capital than onshore wind farms due to deep sea installations, advanced technologies, high capacity, distance from shore and deep sea pipelines

    Despite the potential, the geographical spread of wind power in India is limited. One of the main reasons for this limitation is the lack of accepted infrastructure to support wind energy systems. For example, the infrastructure needed to transport wind energy from remote locations to a grid is often awkward or non-existent, which can drive up costs.

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Sonali B
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Sonali BBegginer
Asked: June 25, 2024In:
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Pointing out that natural gas hydrates are accessible in India, talk about the opportunities and difficulties in exploring for them. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: energy resources
  1. Shivendraprasad
    Shivendraprasad Begginer
    This answer was edited.

    Natural gas hydrates are crystalline compounds of water and gas molecules,found in abundance beneath the seafloor and in permafrost regions globally. In India, the potential for natural gas hydrates presents both opportunities and challenges in exploration. Opportunities: 1. Abundant Resource: IndiaRead more

    Natural gas hydrates are crystalline compounds of water and gas molecules,found in abundance beneath the seafloor and in permafrost regions globally. In India, the potential for natural gas hydrates presents both opportunities and challenges in exploration.
    Opportunities:
    1. Abundant Resource: India has identified significant deposits of natural gas hydrates along its eastern and western continental margins, indicating a potentially vast energy resource.
    2. Energy Security: Utilizing natural gas hydrates could enhance India’s energy security by reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels.
    3. Technological Advancements: Advances in drilling and extraction technologies make it increasingly feasible to explore and exploit natural gas hydrates, potentially revolutionizing India’s energy landscape.
    Difficulties:
    1. Technological Challenges: Extracting gas from hydrates is complex and technologically demanding due to the stability of hydrate formations and the need to prevent dissociation during extraction.
    2. Environmental Concerns: There are environmental risks associated with hydrate extraction, including potential seabed destabilization and the release of methane, a potent greenhouse gas.
    3. Economic Viability: High extraction costs and uncertain commercial viability pose economic challenges, especially given fluctuating global energy prices and the need for significant upfront investment.
    4. Regulatory Framework: Developing appropriate regulations and frameworks for hydrate exploration and extraction is essential to ensure environmental protection and sustainable resource management.
    In conclusion, while India holds promising reserves of natural gas hydrates, realizing their potential requires overcoming substantial technological, environmental, economic, and regulatory hurdles. Addressing these challenges will be crucial in determining whether natural gas hydrates can become a viable component of India’s energy strategy in the future.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 1, 2024In:
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Analyze wind energy’s potential in India and explain its restricted geographic distribution. Word count: 150 [UPSC 2022]

upsc: energy resources
  1. Krishna Rao
    Krishna Rao Learner

    Potential of Wind Energy in India: India has substantial wind energy potential, particularly in coastal regions and high-altitude areas. The country ranks among the top wind energy producers globally, with significant capacity installed in states like Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Karnataka.Read more

    Potential of Wind Energy in India:

    India has substantial wind energy potential, particularly in coastal regions and high-altitude areas. The country ranks among the top wind energy producers globally, with significant capacity installed in states like Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Karnataka.

    Reasons for Limited Spatial Spread:

    1. Geographical Constraints: Wind energy potential is highest in coastal and elevated regions. Many inland areas do not experience sufficient wind speeds or consistent wind patterns, limiting their viability for wind farms.
    2. Infrastructure Requirements: Effective wind energy deployment requires substantial infrastructure, including roads, transmission lines, and maintenance facilities. The lack of infrastructure in remote or less developed areas can hinder expansion.
    3. Land Use Conflicts: Wind farms require large land areas. In densely populated or agriculturally intensive regions, competition for land use can restrict the development of wind energy projects.
    4. Regulatory and Policy Challenges: Variability in state policies and regulatory frameworks can impact the growth and distribution of wind energy projects.

    Addressing these issues involves optimizing site selection, improving infrastructure, and creating supportive policies to expand wind energy utilization across the country.

     

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 9, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Introduce the significance of solar energy in India’s renewable energy landscape. Mention the vast potential of solar energy and India’s targets under the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). Fact to Use: India has an estimated solar energy availability of ...

upsc: energy resources
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction India possesses immense potential for solar energy, with an estimated availability of 4,000 trillion kWh per year. This renewable energy source is a key element of India’s energy strategy, with a target of generating 100 GW of solar power out of 175 GW of total renewable enRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    India possesses immense potential for solar energy, with an estimated availability of 4,000 trillion kWh per year. This renewable energy source is a key element of India’s energy strategy, with a target of generating 100 GW of solar power out of 175 GW of total renewable energy by 2022, as outlined in the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). Currently, India has an installed solar capacity of 43 GW (Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy).

    Regional Variations

    Ideal Regions for Solar Energy

    The desert areas of Rajasthan and Kutch in Gujarat are prime locations for solar energy generation due to their barren lands and high insolation levels. These regions receive abundant sunlight throughout the year, making them ideal for large-scale solar projects.

    Low Potential Areas

    Conversely, the Himalayan and northeastern regions of India have lower potential for solar energy generation. These areas experience challenging terrain and lower insolation levels, which limit the feasibility of solar energy projects.

    Moderate Regions

    Coastal states, such as Kerala, exhibit moderate solar energy potential. The long monsoon season affects solar generation compared to states in the heartland of India, which generally receive more consistent sunlight.

    Rooftop Solar Potential

    Urban areas offer significant opportunities for rooftop solar installations. The rooftop solar panel program can substantially contribute to India’s solar energy goals, especially in metropolitan cities where space is limited.

    Challenges to Solar Energy Development

    Despite the potential, several challenges hinder the solar energy program in India:

    • Overproduction can lead to very low tariff rates, discouraging investment in solar projects.
    • Poor integration of solar energy with the grid and difficulties in land acquisition for solar parks present significant obstacles.
    • Technological barriers exist, particularly the dependency on lithium imports from China for photovoltaic (PV) cells.
    • Lack of awareness and financial constraints hinder rooftop solar installations.

    Conclusion

    The Indian government has initiated several policies to bolster the solar energy market, including the SARAL Index, PM KUSUM, and floating solar plants in Gujarat. With its low carbon footprint, solar energy holds the potential to replace conventional energy sources and help India meet its commitments under the INDCs and the Panchamrit proposals presented at COP 26. Addressing regional variations and challenges will be crucial for harnessing India’s solar energy potential effectively.

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Hrithika Sundar
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Hrithika SundarBegginer
Asked: January 4, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction: Contextualizing India’s Energy Potential India has vast energy resources, including coal, solar, wind, hydropower, and biomass, but it faces significant challenges in fully harnessing these resources to meet the growing energy demand of its population and economy. India’s energy ...

upsc: energy resources
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Key Challenges India Faces in Harnessing Its Energy Potential India has significant renewable energy potential, particularly in solar power, due to its vast sunny and semi-arid regions. However, several challenges hinder the country’s ability to fully utilize this potential. High ImportRead more

    Model Answer

    Key Challenges India Faces in Harnessing Its Energy Potential

    India has significant renewable energy potential, particularly in solar power, due to its vast sunny and semi-arid regions. However, several challenges hinder the country’s ability to fully utilize this potential.

    1. High Import Dependency: Over 80% of India’s solar photovoltaic modules are imported, primarily from China. Despite policies like Production Linked Incentives (PLIs) and Basic Customs Duty (BCD), local manufacturing has not sufficiently scaled up (Source: 2022 data).
    2. Financing Issues: Maintaining subsidies and tax cuts for solar energy is challenging, especially with stressed finances of state governments and distribution companies (discoms). Achieving cost parity with conventional energy sources like thermal power is also a long-term goal.
    3. Transmission & Distribution (T&D) Losses: T&D losses in India are around 40%, making solar energy generation less feasible due to inefficiencies in the grid system.
    4. Land Acquisition: Acquiring large, open spaces for solar plants remains difficult, with delays and cost overruns in planned projects.

    India’s renewable energy future depends on overcoming these obstacles through improved financing, policy reforms, and enhanced technological cooperation.

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Adheesh Raman
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Adheesh RamanLearner
Asked: February 15, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction: Define non-conventional (renewable) energy sources. Highlight the growing importance of these sources in India’s energy strategy for sustainable development, energy security, and climate change mitigation. Briefly mention the government’s role in promoting renewable energy sources. Importance of Non-Conventional Energy: Energy Security: ...

upsc: energy resources
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction India has been increasingly emphasizing the use of non-conventional or renewable energy sources to address issues like energy security, climate change, and sustainable development. These sources, including solar, wind, biomass, and tidal energy, are gaining prominence in vaRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    India has been increasingly emphasizing the use of non-conventional or renewable energy sources to address issues like energy security, climate change, and sustainable development. These sources, including solar, wind, biomass, and tidal energy, are gaining prominence in various regions of India as part of the national strategy to reduce reliance on conventional fossil fuels.

    Growing Emphasis on Non-Conventional Energy in Different Regions

    • Solar Energy: India has set ambitious goals for solar power development, aiming for 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022, with a significant share dedicated to solar energy. States like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka have been leaders in implementing large-scale solar parks and rooftop solar installations.
      • Fact: Rajasthan alone has a vast area of solar parks, contributing to India’s solar power capacity.
    • Wind Energy: States such as Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Gujarat have high wind potential and have developed extensive wind farms. The government has incentivized wind energy with policies like feed-in tariffs and competitive bidding to promote growth.
      • Fact: Tamil Nadu leads India’s wind energy production with a significant share of the total installed wind capacity.
    • Hydropower: While primarily a conventional energy source, small hydropower projects are being developed in states like Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, and Sikkim to utilize hydropower sustainably.
      • Fact: The government has promoted small hydropower projects to minimize ecological impacts and balance renewable energy supply.
    • Biomass and Bioenergy: Agricultural states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh are leveraging agricultural residues and organic waste for biomass and biogas energy. This promotes rural development and provides clean energy.
      • Fact: Biogas plants in rural areas are used for both energy generation and waste management.
    • Geothermal and Tidal Energy: Regions like Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir have potential for geothermal energy, while coastal states such as Gujarat and Tamil Nadu are exploring tidal energy projects.
      • Fact: The government is exploring tidal energy along India’s coasts to harness the power of ocean tides.

    Government Initiatives

    The Indian government has introduced several initiatives to promote renewable energy:

    • The National Solar Mission aims for 100 GW of solar power by 2022.
    • Pradhan Mantri- Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan focuses on harnessing solar energy for farmers.
    • The Renewable Purchase Obligation mandates electricity distribution companies to procure energy from renewable sources.
    • Fiscal incentives, international collaborations, and targets like 450 GW of renewable energy by 2030 further support the sector.

    Conclusion

    India’s growing focus on non-conventional energy sources across different regions reflects its commitment to sustainable development, energy security, and environmental preservation. With continued support and innovation, India aims to lead in the global renewable energy sector.

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Adheesh Raman
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Adheesh RamanLearner
Asked: January 29, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Define non-conventional (renewable) energy sources (solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal, etc.). Briefly introduce India’s growing energy needs and the importance of securing energy independence. State the role of non-conventional energy sources in addressing these challenges. Body Role of Non-Conventional Energy Sources ...

upsc: energy resources
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Non-conventional energy sources, also known as renewable energy sources, are essential for India’s energy security. These sources, including solar, wind, hydro, and biomass, are sustainable, environmentally friendly, and naturally replenishing. Their role is becoming increaRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Non-conventional energy sources, also known as renewable energy sources, are essential for India’s energy security. These sources, including solar, wind, hydro, and biomass, are sustainable, environmentally friendly, and naturally replenishing. Their role is becoming increasingly significant in supplementing the country’s existing hydrocarbon resources.

    Role in Energy Security

    1. Diversification of Energy Mix:
      Non-conventional energy sources, such as solar and wind, contribute to diversifying India’s energy mix. As of 2021, renewable energy accounted for 24% of India’s total installed power capacity, with solar and wind power leading the way. The government’s target to achieve 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022, including 100 GW from solar and 60 GW from wind, highlights the growing importance of these sources.
    2. Energy Independence:
      By utilizing non-conventional energy, India can reduce its dependency on imported hydrocarbons. Currently, India imports over 80% of its crude oil and around 45% of its natural gas needs. Solar power projects in states like Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu are already helping reduce reliance on coal-fired power and imported coal.
    3. Environmental Benefits:
      Non-conventional energy sources contribute significantly to environmental sustainability by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. For example, India’s renewable energy capacity has helped avoid approximately 49 million tons of CO2 emissions annually, showcasing the environmental advantages over traditional hydrocarbon resources.

    Complementing Hydrocarbon Resources

    1. Solar Energy: Installing solar panels on rooftops reduces reliance on conventional power sources.
    2. Wind Energy: Wind farms supplement electricity production.
    3. Biomass: Biomass, such as bioethanol, offers an alternative fuel for transportation.
    4. Hydropower and Geothermal: Hydropower plants and geothermal energy can supplement the power supply, especially in remote areas.

    Conclusion

    Non-conventional energy sources are crucial in ensuring India’s energy security. By complementing the country’s hydrocarbon resources, they pave the way for a cleaner, greener, and more sustainable energy future.

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Rajashree Shirke
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Rajashree ShirkeLearner
Asked: January 25, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce the concept of lithium as a key mineral for the green energy transition. Mention India’s growing interest in its lithium reserves and the significance of lithium for India’s energy and economic future. 2. Body I. Challenges in ...

upsc: energy resources
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Challenges in Unlocking India's Lithium Potential Limited Domestic Reserves: India has discovered lithium deposits in J&K, Jharkhand, and Rajasthan, but the overall reserves are limited compared to global leaders like Chile or Australia. The major find in J&K amounts to around 5Read more

    Model Answer

    Challenges in Unlocking India’s Lithium Potential

    1. Limited Domestic Reserves: India has discovered lithium deposits in J&K, Jharkhand, and Rajasthan, but the overall reserves are limited compared to global leaders like Chile or Australia. The major find in J&K amounts to around 5.9 million tonnes, but this still needs further revisions to confirm exact reserves. This creates concerns about India’s reliance on imports to meet growing demand for lithium.Example: Despite the discovery in J&K, production levels will likely be lower than expected, and India will still need to import a significant portion of its lithium.
    2. Technological and Infrastructure Barriers: India lacks the necessary technology and infrastructure to efficiently extract lithium, especially from brine sources, which are the most common type of deposit. Building these capabilities requires both technological investment and skilled human resources.Example: India does not yet have the infrastructure to extract lithium from brine, unlike countries like Chile and Argentina that have developed specialized technologies.
    3. Environmental Challenges: Extracting lithium can be environmentally damaging, with issues such as water scarcity and soil contamination. Sustainable extraction methods are still developing.Example: In Chile’s Salar de Atacama, lithium extraction has led to severe water shortages, highlighting the potential environmental cost.
    4. Global Market Dynamics: The global lithium market is volatile, with prices fluctuating due to competition and market demand. India faces uncertainty in establishing a stable supply chain for lithium.Example: In 2023, lithium carbonate prices surged by 92%, reflecting the volatility of global lithium markets.
    5. High Initial Investments: Establishing the full lithium ecosystem—mining, processing, and battery manufacturing—requires substantial investments. The Indian government’s production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme for advanced batteries alone is a $2 billion initiative.Example: India’s PLI scheme represents a significant budget commitment to fostering the lithium industry.

    Significance for India’s Green Energy Transition

    1. Clean Energy Storage: Lithium-ion batteries are crucial for storing renewable energy, ensuring a reliable supply when solar or wind energy isn’t available. This addresses the intermittency issue inherent in renewable energy sources.
    2. Electric Vehicle Revolution: Lithium batteries are essential for electric vehicles (EVs), which are key to reducing carbon emissions and achieving sustainability goals.
    3. Strategic and Economic Growth: By becoming a global player in the lithium market, India can enhance its strategic position, ensuring energy security and supporting economic growth through the development of the lithium supply chain.
    4. Job Creation: The lithium sector can create numerous job opportunities, from mining to battery production, thus driving economic growth and contributing to sustainable development.
    5. Sustainable Development: India can lead by adopting environmentally responsible mining practices, contributing to the global shift toward clean energy and aligning with its climate goals.

    Conclusion

    India’s challenges in unlocking its lithium potential should be seen as an opportunity for innovation and strategic growth. By addressing these challenges through sustainable practices and investments, India can pave the way for a successful green energy transition, contributing significantly to both national and global sustainability goals.

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Anita Ratnam
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Anita RatnamLearner
Asked: January 22, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define Tidal Energy: Begin with a brief definition of tidal energy as a renewable energy source derived from the rise and fall of ocean tides. Highlight Potential in India: Mention India’s geographical advantage with its long coastline ...

upsc: energy resources
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer 1. Potential of Tidal Energy in India India's vast coastline and specific geographical features provide significant opportunities for tidal energy generation: Geographical Scope: With a coastline of approximately 7,500 km, India holds substantial tidal energy potential. Estimated CapaciRead more

    Model Answer

    1. Potential of Tidal Energy in India

    India’s vast coastline and specific geographical features provide significant opportunities for tidal energy generation:

    • Geographical Scope: With a coastline of approximately 7,500 km, India holds substantial tidal energy potential.
    • Estimated Capacity: The theoretical potential is about 12,455 MW, distributed across key regions:
      • Gulf of Khambat: 7,000 MW.
      • Gulf of Kutch: 1,200 MW.
      • Sundarbans (Gangetic Delta): 100 MW.
    • Tidal Range: A tidal range of at least 7 meters is essential for economic operation. Gujarat, with the highest tidal range in India (9–11 m), is particularly suitable for tidal energy projects.

    2. Challenges in Harnessing Tidal Energy

    a. Lack of Detailed Studies

    • Comprehensive assessments of the economic viability and ecological impacts of tidal energy projects are absent.
    • Fact: Potential impacts on food security and the livelihoods of coastal communities remain unexplored.

    b. High Capital Costs

    • The exorbitant initial investment for tidal energy infrastructure limits widespread adoption.
    • Fact: This financial barrier discourages private and public stakeholders from venturing into the sector.

    c. Environmental Risks

    • Tidal projects in ecologically sensitive zones, like the Gulf of Kutch and Sundarbans, pose threats to biodiversity.
    • Fact: Such risks necessitate careful evaluation to ensure environmental sustainability.

    d. Lack of Research and Development (R&D)

    • Insufficient R&D funding in renewable energy undermines innovation and cost reduction.
    • Fact: Budget cuts in R&D stifle growth and progress in the tidal energy sector.

    e. Policy Gaps

    • The absence of a dedicated tidal energy policy creates uncertainty, hampers investment, and slows progress.

    3. Way Forward

    • Focus on R&D to improve technology and reduce costs.
    • Develop policies to encourage investment and ensure ecological sustainability.
    • Conduct comprehensive studies on socio-economic and environmental impacts to balance energy generation with community welfare.

    Tidal energy has immense potential to contribute to India’s sustainable energy goals if these challenges are effectively addressed.

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