Definition: Administrative culture refers to the set of values, norms, practices, and behaviors that shape the way public administration is carried out within an organization or government.

Key Elements:

• Values & Norms: Beliefs about transparency, efficiency, and public service.
• Behaviors: How civil servants interact with citizens and each other.
• Organizational Practices: Daily routines, decision-making processes, and communication styles.

Example: In some countries, administrative culture emphasizes strict hierarchy and formality (e.g., Japan), while others focus on openness and flexibility (e.g., Denmark).

Four Factors Affecting Span of Control

1. Complexity of Work:

• More complex tasks require a narrower span to ensure proper supervision.
• Example: Managing a high-tech engineering team requires closer supervision.

2. Capability of Employees:

• Skilled employees can work with less supervision, allowing a wider span.
• Example: An experienced software development team can be managed with fewer supervisors.

3. Management Style:

• Autocratic managers often have a narrower span, while democratic leaders can handle a broader span.
• Example: A manager who prefers direct control will have fewer employees.

4. Geographical Dispersion:

• If employees are spread across different locations, the span tends to be narrower.
• Example: A global company with offices in various countries may need more managers.

Emotional Intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to recognize, understand, and manage emotions—both your own and others’.

Key Components of EI:

• Self-awareness: Recognizing your emotions (e.g., feeling anxious before a presentation).
• Self-regulation: Controlling emotions (e.g., staying calm during a stressful meeting).
• Empathy: Understanding others’ emotions (e.g., comforting a friend who’s sad).
• Social skills: Managing relationships effectively (e.g., resolving conflicts peacefully).