The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), flourishing from around 2600 to 1900 BCE, was one of the world's earliest urban cultures. Centered in present-day Pakistan and northwest India, it featured advanced cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, notable for their sophisticated urban planning, drainage sysRead more
The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), flourishing from around 2600 to 1900 BCE, was one of the world’s earliest urban cultures. Centered in present-day Pakistan and northwest India, it featured advanced cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, notable for their sophisticated urban planning, drainage systems, and impressive architecture. The IVC thrived on agriculture, trade, and craft production, establishing extensive trade networks with Mesopotamia and other regions.
The civilization began to decline around 1900 BCE, likely due to a combination of factors. Environmental changes, such as shifting river courses and climate fluctuations, led to agricultural disruptions. Additionally, there might have been societal stresses, internal conflicts, or invasions by nomadic tribes. These challenges gradually led to the abandonment of urban centers and a shift towards smaller, rural communities. By around 1300 BCE, the major cities were deserted, marking the end of the IVC’s urban phase, although cultural elements persisted in subsequent South Asian societies.
See less
a bit challenging
a bit challenging
See less