Women’s representation in the Indian democratic process faces several challenges. Firstly, societal norms and stereotypes often limit women’s participation in politics, reinforcing traditional gender roles. Secondly, lack of access to education and resources hinders women’s political empowerment. Moreover, violence and harassment against women in political spheres discourage their involvement. Political parties also tend to prioritize male candidates, sidelining women’s voices. Additionally, inadequate implementation of reservation policies for women in legislative bodies further diminishes their representation. Lastly, a lack of awareness about political rights and opportunities among women restricts their engagement in the democratic process, undermining gender equality in governance.

The rise of Other Backward Classes (OBC) in Indian politics can be attributed to several key factors. Firstly, the implementation of the Mandal Commission recommendations in the 1990s provided OBCs with reservations in education and government jobs, enhancing their political representation. Secondly, increased awareness and mobilization among OBC communities led to stronger political identities and demands for rights. Additionally, the rise of regional parties, often representing OBC interests, has shifted political dynamics in many states. Social movements and activism have also played a crucial role in advocating for OBC rights, further solidifying their presence and influence in the political landscape.

The procedure for forming a Joint Public Service Commission (JPSC) for two or more states is governed by Article 315 of the Indian Constitution. The process begins with the respective state governments agreeing to establish a JPSC. They then submit a proposal to the President of India, who can establish the commission through a notification. The JPSC will consist of members appointed by the President, typically including a chairman and other members with relevant experience. The commission will conduct examinations and recommend candidates for appointment to various public services in the participating states, ensuring a coordinated approach to recruitment.

The Advisory Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, as outlined in Article 143 of the Indian Constitution, allows the President of India to seek the court’s opinion on specific legal or constitutional questions. This jurisdiction is not mandatory; the court may choose to provide advice or decline to do so. The primary purpose is to clarify complex legal issues or guide the government on significant matters before taking action. The advisory opinion is not binding, but it carries substantial persuasive value. This provision enhances the role of the Supreme Court in promoting constitutional governance and ensures informed decision-making in critical areas.