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Health, Sanitation & Nutrition

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Home/Social Sector/Services/Health, Sanitation & Nutrition/Page 6

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

ALISHA SAGAR
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ALISHA SAGARBegginer
Asked: July 18, 2024In:
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awarenessdepressionmental health
  1. Nysa Suri
    Nysa Suri Begginer

    Addressing mental health issues and reducing the stigma associated with mental illness requires a multifaceted approach. Here are some key strategies: 1. Education and Awareness: Increase public awareness about mental health through campaigns, workshops, and media. Educating people about the signs,Read more

    Addressing mental health issues and reducing the stigma associated with mental illness requires a multifaceted approach. Here are some key strategies:

    1. Education and Awareness: Increase public awareness about mental health through campaigns, workshops, and media. Educating people about the signs, symptoms, and treatment options for mental health issues can dispel myths and reduce stigma.

    2. Accessible Services: Ensure mental health services are accessible to everyone. This includes affordable therapy, counseling, and support groups. Online resources and telehealth services can help reach those in remote areas.

    3. Open Conversations: Encourage open discussions about mental health in schools, workplaces, and communities. Creating safe spaces where people can share their experiences without judgment fosters a supportive environment.

    4. Integrating Mental Health into Primary Care: Incorporate mental health screenings and support into primary healthcare settings. Regular check-ups should include mental health evaluations to identify issues early and provide timely intervention.

    5. Training Professionals: Train healthcare providers, educators, and community leaders in mental health literacy. This ensures they can recognize mental health issues and provide appropriate support or referrals.

    6. Support Systems: Strengthen support networks by involving families and communities. Encourage peer support groups and community programs that offer assistance and companionship.

    7. Positive Media Representation: Promote positive and accurate portrayals of mental health in media and entertainment. Highlight stories of recovery and resilience to change perceptions and inspire hope.

    By combining these efforts, societies can create a more understanding and supportive environment for those dealing with mental health issues, ultimately reducing stigma and improving overall well-being.

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ALISHA SAGAR
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ALISHA SAGARBegginer
Asked: July 18, 2024In: , ,
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resources/waterwater scarcity
  1. Sybel Dias
    Sybel Dias Begginer
    This answer was edited.

    Reducing water scarcity sustainably requires a combination of innovative technologies, practices, and policies. 1. Rainwater Harvesting Urban Harvesting Systems Installing rainwater collection systems in cities to capture and store runoff from rooftops and paved areas. 2. Technological Innovations DRead more

    Reducing water scarcity sustainably requires a combination of innovative technologies, practices, and policies.

    1. Rainwater Harvesting
    Urban Harvesting Systems

    • Installing rainwater collection systems in cities to capture and store runoff from rooftops and paved areas.

    2. Technological Innovations

    • Desalination Plants: Advances in desalination technology, such as reverse osmosis and forward osmosis, can make seawater potable. Innovations to reduce energy consumption and cost are key.
    • Fog Harvesting: Collecting water from fog using large mesh nets in areas with frequent fog.
    • Atmospheric Water Generators: Devices that extract water from humid ambient air.
    • Remote Sensing: Using satellite imagery and remote sensing technologies to monitor water resources and manage them more effectively

    3. Infrastructure and Urban Planning

    • Leak Detection and Repair: Using smart sensors and real-time monitoring to detect and fix leaks in municipal water supply systems, reducing water loss.
    • Incentivizing Repairs: Providing incentives or subsidies for homeowners and businesses to fix leaks promptly.
    • Permeable Pavements: Implementing permeable pavements in urban areas to allow rainwater to percolate into the ground, replenishing groundwater levels.
    • Green Infrastructure: Creating green roofs, urban wetlands, and bioswales to manage stormwater, reduce runoff, and improve water quality.

    4. Environmental and Agricultural Practices

    • Drought-Resistant Crops: Developing and using crop varieties that require less water and are more resilient to drought conditions.
    • Soil Moisture Conservation: Implementing techniques like mulching, no-till farming, and cover cropping to maintain soil moisture and reduce evaporation.

    5. Public Awareness and Education

    • Water Conservation Campaigns: Running campaigns to educate residents about the importance of water conservation and practical steps they can take.
    • School Programs: Integrating water conservation education into school curriculums.
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Kashish Luthra
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Kashish LuthraBegginer
Asked: July 18, 2024In:
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Q.What’s a worthwhile fitness goal for people in their 50s?

  1. Prerna Batra
    Prerna Batra Begginer

    Fitness consists of three components: 1- Diet (nutritious diet): which contributes almost 50 percent in healthy lifestyle. Healthy and balanced diet is more important than building your external body. Proper nutrients is the key for fitness, it increases your life quality. Be it a child, an adult, oRead more

    Fitness consists of three components:

    1- Diet (nutritious diet): which contributes almost 50 percent in healthy lifestyle. Healthy and balanced diet is more important than building your external body. Proper nutrients is the key for fitness, it increases your life quality.

    Be it a child, an adult, or any elderly( whether they are in their 50s, 60s or whatsoever)

    2- Adequate amount of sleep: It contributes 20 percent in a person’s wellness. Irrespective of age, everyone should take 6-8 hours of proper sleep to help building their fit lifestyle

    3 – Yoga and Exercise – It is important to train your muscles and relax and meditate through the practice of yoga. A physically active person can conquer many diseases. Even if you give twenty to thirty minutes session to your body for these kind of activities like yoga, mediation, zumba, cardio exercise, or hobbies like swimming dancing  and so on.. you can make your body internally and externally strong.

    Moreover, the adequate and justified fitness goal of people living in their 50s is to add exercise in their daily life and they should focus on such hobbies which will make their body do some kind of work, also they should take care of proper diet which will definitely make them fit.

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Priya Chandak
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Priya ChandakBegginer
Asked: July 18, 2024In:
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What are the tests available to confirm halitosis(Bad breath)?

question
  1. Gaurav Kumar Rai
    Gaurav Kumar Rai Begginer

    There are several tests available to confirm halitosis (Bad breath): The wrist test: Lick the back of your wrist, allow the saliva to dry for 5 to 10 seconds, and then sniff the area to check for any foul smell . The spoon test: Use a small spoon to scrape the back part of your tongue, and then smelRead more

    There are several tests available to confirm halitosis (Bad breath):

    1. The wrist test: Lick the back of your wrist, allow the saliva to dry for 5 to 10 seconds, and then sniff the area to check for any foul smell .
    2. The spoon test: Use a small spoon to scrape the back part of your tongue, and then smell the gunk to determine the odor of your breath.
    3. The gauze test: Wipe the surface of your tongue with a 2×2 inch square of medical gauze and then smell the gunk to check for any bad odor .
    4. The airbag test: Exhale into an odorless plastic bag, seal it, and then smell the air inside the bag to check for any foul odor.
    5. The floss test: Smell unwaxed dental floss after flossing between your teeth to check for any bad breath originating from between your teeth.
    6. Seeking someone else’s opinion: Get someone else to smell your breath and provide feedback on whether there is a noticeable odor.

    These tests are valuable methods to evaluate the quality of your breath and confirm the presence of halitosis. They can help in identifying the source of bad breath in order to take appropriate measures for its treatment and prevention.

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Nandani Naina
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Nandani NainaBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
  • 1

The public has long been concerned about India’s nutritional state. Talk about it. Additionally, make recommendations for how to address India’s nutritional problems.

UPSC: Health Sanitation & Nutrition
  1. Gitanjali Reena
    Gitanjali Reena Begginer

    India has the most malnourished children in the world. The fifth and the latest round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) India has the most malnourished children in the world. The fifth and the latest round of the has highlighted that India isn’t making as much progress as it should have toRead more

    India has the most malnourished children in the world. The fifth and the latest round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) India has the most malnourished children in the world. The fifth and the latest round of the has highlighted that India isn’t making as much progress as it should have towards SDG 2.2 (ending all forms of malnutrition by 2030 for children under 5) – since the percentage of stunted, wasted, underweight and anaemic children in India is 36%, 19%, 32% and 67%, respectively.

    Nutritional status of the country and associated public threat:

    • As per NFHS-5 data, the percentage of stunted, wasted and underweight children has gone down. However, India could not sustain the decrease in the rate of stunting and severe wasting.
      • It has led to cognitive deficits and compromised learning abilities as undernourished children were found to be enrolled in school late; they had higher chances of repeating a grade or dropped out of school altogether.
    • About 60% of women and teenage girls are anaemic.
      • It has lowered the ability to survive childbirth which is reflected in higher IMR and MMR.
      • Other than iron deficiency, the iodine and vitamin A deficiency remains a significant public health issue that leads to mental and physical growth retardation, night blindness and preventable child morbidity.
    • India houses the world’s largest number of underweight people.
      • Micro-nutrient deficiencies or ‘Hidden Hunger’ contributes to the vicious cycle of malnutrition, underdevelopment and poverty.
      • It has led to an increase in infectious diseases like Tuberculosis and Pneumonia in India.
    • India houses world’s third largest population of overweight and obese people. About 3.4% children, 24% women and 23% men in India are overweight.
      • It is leading to an increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases like prediabetes in children, and high blood pressure, high cholesterol, type-2 diabetes, osteoporosis, depression, etc. in adults.

    To address the nutrition challenges, the government has launched various schemes including POSHAN Abhiyan, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Mid-day meal scheme, National Health Mission etc. To make these initiatives more effective, following steps can also be taken:

    • Identify districts that require urgent intervention. Districts can be classified into three groups based on priority into green, yellow and red, and red being the topmost priority districts. This would ensure special focus on the poor districts especially the tribal regions.
    • The government should also consider linking village, district, state and national level metrics to track improvements in children’s health.
    • An outcome-oriented focus on agriculture, sanitation and women’s education is required, which includes special focus on awareness about nutrition and related program in India.
    • Subsidy should be provided to crops other than cereals such as pulses, fruits and vegetables. These crops can be made available through the PDS along with rice and wheat. Further, food fortification can go a long way is tackling the challenge of nutrition.
    • Fat tax as introduced by Kerala over fast foods can be implemented all over India.

    In order to achieve the SDG of ‘Zero hunger’, India needs a Nutrition Revolution with more strategized outcome-based action plans and women leading at the front.

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Prerna Batra
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Prerna BatraBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In: , ,
  • 1

developingdevelopmentinflationpoorrich
  1. sweett soull
    sweett soull Begginer

    Yes, rising inflation is a concern for developed nations like the US. Here’s how it impacts them: 1. Reduced Purchasing Power: - Inflation erodes money’s value, meaning consumers can buy less with the same amount of money. 2. Higher Cost of Living: - Prices for goods and services rise, increasing thRead more

    Yes, rising inflation is a concern for developed nations like the US. Here’s how it impacts them:

    1. Reduced Purchasing Power:
    – Inflation erodes money’s value, meaning consumers can buy less with the same amount of money.

    2. Higher Cost of Living:
    – Prices for goods and services rise, increasing the cost of living and putting financial strain on households.

    3. Interest Rate Hikes:
    – To control inflation, central banks like the Federal Reserve may raise interest rates, increasing borrowing costs for consumers and businesses.

    4. Economic Uncertainty:
    – High inflation creates uncertainty, making it harder for businesses to plan for the future, potentially slowing down investment and economic growth.

    5. Impact on Savings:
    – The real value of savings decreases, affecting retirees and others who rely on fixed incomes.

    6. Wage-Price Spiral:
    – As the cost of living increases, workers demand higher wages, leading to higher production costs and further price increases, creating a cycle.

    7. Budget Deficits:
    – Government spending might increase to keep up with rising costs, potentially leading to larger budget deficits.

    8. Market Volatility:
    – Inflation can cause stock and bond markets to become more volatile, impacting investments and retirement accounts.

    9. Social Unrest:
    – Prolonged high inflation can lead to social dissatisfaction as people’s standard of living declines, potentially leading to political instability.

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Rajeshwari Meena
  • 1
Rajeshwari MeenaBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
  • 1

The government must prioritize enhancing primary healthcare as a public good, even if attention must be paid to all three levels of healthcare. Remark.

UPSC: Health Sanitation & Nutrition
  1. Veer Singh
    Veer Singh Begginer

    India’s healthcare system is characterised by a three-tier structure of primary, secondary and tertiary care services. In India, the delivery of primary health care (PHC) is delivered to the rural population through sub-centres, primary health centers (PHCs), and community health centers (CHCs), secRead more

    India’s healthcare system is characterised by a three-tier structure of primary, secondary and tertiary care services. In India, the delivery of primary health care (PHC) is delivered to the rural population through sub-centres, primary health centers (PHCs), and community health centers (CHCs), secondary care is delivered through district and sub-district hospitals and tertiary care is extended at regional/central level institutions or super specialty hospitals. Despite an elaborate structure, India’s healthcare infrastructure is insufficient to cater to the needs of India’s vast population. As per studies, India has roughly 20 health workers per 10,000 population, as against the WHO recommended average of 2.5 medical staff per 1,000 people. Though healthcare needs at all the levels have to be catered to, it is primary healthcare that needs urgent attention as the PHC is the most inclusive, equitable, cost-effective and efficient approach to enhancing people’s physical and mental health, as well as social well-being. Evidence of wide-ranging impacts of investment in PHCs continues to grow around the world, particularly in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, there is a need to improve primary health care as a public good. A public good is a good that is non-excludable and non-rivalrous, where no one can be excluded from its use and where the use by one does not diminish the availability of the good to others. Improving primary health care as a public good would help in the following:

    • Equitable access to healthcare: Investment in primary healthcare will improve equity and access to healthcare, healthcare performance, accountability of health systems, and health outcomes. The PHC is also critical to making health systems more resilient to situations of crisis and being more proactive in detecting early signs of epidemics. Further, strengthening of PHCs will lead to early response during surges in demand for services.
    • Manage patient load: Even prior to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, primary healthcare facilities felt the strain of unmanageable patient load and shortage of healthcare workers. Besides the existing 46 per cent shortfall of doctors in PHCs, 74 per cent of the current graduate doctors reside in urban India leaving a large chunk of the rural population underserved.
      • Also, proper training of PHC workers should be regularly carried out. In addition, there is a need to upgrade the role of the Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) and Urban Social Health Activist workers by training them to meet the growing healthcare demands.
    • Ensure health for all: The National Health Policy (NHP), 2017 highlights the ‘Health for All’ approach to provide assured healthcare for all at an affordable cost. Strengthening of PHCs is a step forward in this direction.
    • Reduce out-of-pocket expenditure: Out-of-pocket expenses account for about 62.6% of total health expenditure in India. It is one-of-the highest in the world, contributing directly to the high incidence of catastrophic expenditures and poverty. Further, approximately 60% of inpatient and 70% of outpatient treatments are provided by the private sector.
    • Meeting SDGs: Primary healthcare is the basis of the health Infrastructure of the country. An adequate health infrastructure can help India achieve health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

    Thus, it is important to upgrade and expand the PHCs. In this context, India’s National Health Policy (2017) commits the government to invest a major proportion (>2/3rds) of resources to PHCs through Health and Wellness Centers. Also, the Fifteenth Finance Commission has recommended grants aggregating Rs. 70,000 crores, over a period of five years (2021-2026) through local governments, for strengthening the healthcare system at the primary healthcare level.

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Varun Nayak
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Varun NayakBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine the extent to which the objectives of the National Urban Health Mission and the National Rural Health Mission have been met and evaluate how this has improved the accessibility and caliber of primary healthcare services.

UPSC: Health Sanitation & Nutrition
  1. Tejas Rao
    Tejas Rao Begginer

    The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) are key initiatives in India aimed at improving healthcare services, particularly in rural and urban areas. Analyzing the progress made in achieving their goals and assessing their impact on primary healthcare servRead more

    The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) are key initiatives in India aimed at improving healthcare services, particularly in rural and urban areas. Analyzing the progress made in achieving their goals and assessing their impact on primary healthcare services involves looking at their objectives, accomplishments, and areas for improvement.

    National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)

    Goals and Objectives:

    • Improve Healthcare Infrastructure: Strengthen rural healthcare infrastructure by upgrading health facilities and increasing the availability of essential services.
    • Enhance Access to Healthcare: Improve access to healthcare services, particularly for marginalized and underserved populations.
    • Increase Community Participation: Empower communities to take an active role in managing their health and improving local healthcare services.
    • Strengthen Health Systems: Build capacity at various levels of the health system, including training healthcare workers and improving supply chains.

    Progress Made:

    • Infrastructure Development:
      • Health Facilities: Significant improvements have been made in the construction and upgrading of Primary Health Centers (PHCs) and Community Health Centers (CHCs) in rural areas.
      • Equipment and Supplies: Investments in medical equipment and supplies have improved the functionality of health centers.
    • Healthcare Access:
      • Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY): The JSY scheme, which provides financial assistance for institutional deliveries, has increased the rate of institutional births and reduced maternal and infant mortality rates.
      • Mobile Health Units: Introduction of mobile health units has helped in reaching remote and underserved areas.
    • Community Participation:
      • Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committees (VHSNCs): These committees have been instrumental in local health planning and monitoring, enhancing community involvement.
    • Human Resources:
      • Training Programs: Regular training and capacity-building programs for health workers, including Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs), have improved service delivery.

    Impact:

    • Improved Health Outcomes: There have been improvements in maternal and child health indicators, such as reduced maternal mortality rates (MMR) and infant mortality rates (IMR).
    • Increased Utilization: Increased access to health services has led to higher utilization of primary healthcare facilities in rural areas.
    • Strengthened Health System: Improved infrastructure and human resources have contributed to a more resilient rural health system.

    Challenges and Areas for Improvement:

    • Infrastructure Gaps: Despite progress, some remote areas still face challenges related to inadequate infrastructure and basic amenities.
    • Quality of Services: There are concerns about the quality of care provided at some health facilities, including issues related to staff shortages and inadequate facilities.
    • Financial Management: Efficient use of resources and financial management continue to be areas needing attention to ensure effective implementation.

    National Urban Health Mission (NUHM)

    Goals and Objectives:

    • Improve Urban Healthcare Services: Strengthen healthcare delivery in urban areas, focusing on underserved and low-income populations.
    • Enhance Primary Healthcare: Improve the availability and quality of primary healthcare services in urban settings.
    • Promote Equity: Address health disparities and ensure equitable access to healthcare for all urban residents, particularly the vulnerable and marginalized groups.

    Progress Made:

    • Urban Health Centers:
      • Infrastructure Development: The establishment of Urban Primary Health Centers (UPHCs) and Urban Health and Wellness Centers (UHWCs) has improved primary healthcare access in urban areas.
      • Service Delivery: Efforts to enhance service delivery have included the provision of essential services, such as maternal and child health care, non-communicable disease management, and preventive services.
    • Community Engagement:
      • Community Health Workers: Deployment of community health workers and outreach programs have improved health awareness and access to services in urban slums and low-income areas.
      • Public Health Campaigns: Initiatives aimed at improving sanitation, nutrition, and preventive care have contributed to better urban health outcomes.
    • Health Systems Strengthening:
      • Capacity Building: Training and capacity-building programs for urban health workers have enhanced their skills and effectiveness in delivering services.

    Impact:

    • Improved Access: There has been an increase in the number of people accessing primary healthcare services in urban areas, particularly in underserved communities.
    • Better Health Outcomes: Improved healthcare services have led to better management of common urban health issues, including maternal and child health and communicable diseases.
    • Increased Awareness: Public health campaigns and community engagement have raised awareness about health issues and promoted healthier behaviors.

    Challenges and Areas for Improvement:

    • Urban Health Disparities: Significant health disparities persist in urban areas, particularly in slums and informal settlements, where access to healthcare remains limited.
    • Service Integration: Integration of urban health services with other social services and health programs needs improvement to address the multifaceted needs of urban populations.
    • Infrastructure and Resources: Some urban health centers face challenges related to inadequate infrastructure and resources, impacting service quality.

    Overall Assessment and Recommendations

    Achievements:

    • Both NRHM and NUHM have made notable progress in expanding healthcare access, improving infrastructure, and enhancing service delivery. They have positively impacted health outcomes and strengthened primary healthcare systems in rural and urban areas, respectively.

    Challenges:

    • Infrastructure gaps, quality of services, financial management, and addressing health disparities remain challenges. Both missions face ongoing issues related to resource allocation, service integration, and equitable access.

    Recommendations:

    • Enhance Infrastructure: Continue investing in infrastructure development to address gaps and improve the quality of healthcare facilities.
    • Improve Service Quality: Focus on enhancing the quality of services through better training, resource management, and regular monitoring.
    • Strengthen Financial Management: Ensure efficient use of resources and financial management to maximize the impact of health initiatives.
    • Address Health Disparities: Target interventions to address health disparities, particularly in underserved and marginalized communities, to ensure equitable access to healthcare services.

    Conclusion

    The NRHM and NUHM have made significant strides in improving primary healthcare services in rural and urban areas, respectively. While progress is evident in terms of infrastructure development, service delivery, and health outcomes, there are ongoing challenges that need to be addressed. Continued efforts to enhance infrastructure, improve service quality, and address disparities will be essential for further advancing the goals of these missions and ensuring effective healthcare delivery for all populations.

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