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Social justice refers to the fair and equitable distribution of resources, opportunities, and responsibilities in a society. It involves ensuring equal rights, dignity, and access to public goods for all citizens, regardless of their social, economic, or cultural background.
Key aspects include affirmative action, anti-discrimination laws, social welfare programs, and empowerment of marginalized communities. Social justice is a core value of a just and inclusive democracy.
What socio-economic benefits does women entrepreneurship bring to India, and what are the key challenges that hinder its growth in the country? Discuss. (200 words)
Model Answer Socio-Economic Benefits of Women Entrepreneurship in India Women entrepreneurship contributes significantly to India’s socio-economic development. The economic benefits include: Higher Economic Growth: Women's participation in employment and entrepreneurship can increase India’s GDP byRead more
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Socio-Economic Benefits of Women Entrepreneurship in India
Women entrepreneurship contributes significantly to India’s socio-economic development. The economic benefits include:
On the social front, the include
*Key Challenges Hindering Growth of Women Entrepreneurship
Despite the growing momentum, several barriers hinder women entrepreneurs:
Despite these challenges, the rise of supportive government schemes and an evolving start-up ecosystem ihat India is moving towards achieving the target of 25% women entrepreneurs by 2025 .
See lessWhat are the key implementation challenges that persist even after 14 years of the Nirbhaya Fund's establishment? Discuss. (200 words)
Model Answer Key Implementation Challenges of the Nirbhaya Fund Despite the establishment of the Nirbhaya Fund in 2013, designed to enhance women's safety, several challenges persist: Underutilization of Funds: As of 2021-22, only around Rs. 2,900 crores of the Rs. 4,000 crores allocated have been uRead more
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Key Implementation Challenges of the Nirbhaya Fund
Despite the establishment of the Nirbhaya Fund in 2013, designed to enhance women’s safety, several challenges persist:
Proposed Solutions
Addressing these challenges through comprehensive reforms will significantly improve the effectiveness of the Nirbhaya Fund.
See lessWhat are the key challenges in achieving Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) in India, and what measures can be implemented to ensure universal FLN across the country? (200 words)
Model Answer Challenges in Achieving Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) in India Inadequate Budget India spends only about 3% of its GDP on education, well below the 6% required to ensure quality education and achieve FLN goals (Source: ASER 2022). Lack of Coordination There is a disconnect beRead more
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Challenges in Achieving Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) in India
India spends only about 3% of its GDP on education, well below the 6% required to ensure quality education and achieve FLN goals (Source: ASER 2022).
There is a disconnect between the Ministry of Women and Child Development and the Ministry of Education, hindering effective delivery of pre-school and formal schooling programs.
Language barriers and a lack of skilled teachers impede early-grade learning, as many students are taught in a non-native language.
High rates of stunting (35.5%), wasting (19.3%), and underweight (32.1%) children (NFHS-5) negatively affect cognitive development and learning abilities.
Many schools lack basic facilities such as clean water, sanitation, and electricity, which are critical for a conducive learning environment.
19% of teaching positions are vacant, with rural areas facing even higher shortages, leading to overcrowded classrooms and lack of attention to early-grade education (State of Education Report, 2021).
Measures to Achieve Universal FLN
Clear year-wise learning outcomes should be established for pre-schools and up to Grade 3 to ensure structured learning progress.
Assessments should focus on a range of skills beyond traditional exams, including art, group work, and role play to cater to diverse learning styles.
Teachers must be trained to address the emotional, social, and psychological needs of young children, with a focus on experiential learning.
The curriculum should be designed to meet the socio-economic and cultural needs of children, making learning relevant and accessible.
Schools, teachers, parents, and local communities must collaborate to improve educational outcomes. Regular medical check-ups and nutritious meals are also essential.
Programs like NIPUN Bharat and NISHTHA, along with initiatives such as DIKSHA, focus on improving FLN standards and support teacher training and monitoring.
These combined efforts will help address the existing challenges and move towards universal FLN in India.
See lessThough the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, is viewed as a significant step towards combating hunger, it faces several challenges that must be addressed to ensure its success in achieving food security for all. Discuss these challenges and explore solutions to improve the effectiveness of the Act. (200 words)
Model Answer Challenges in the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, was a major step towards reducing hunger and malnutrition in India by providing subsidized food to 67% of the population. However, several challenges undermine its effectiveness: InadeRead more
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Challenges in the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013
The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, was a major step towards reducing hunger and malnutrition in India by providing subsidized food to 67% of the population. However, several challenges undermine its effectiveness:
Measures to Improve EffectivenStrengthen Infrastructure**: Improve the infrastructure of Anganwadi centers and public distribution systems to ensure the efficient delivery of food and nutritional services .
Addressing these challenges is crucial for the NFSA to meet its goal of proviehensive food and nutritional security to India’s vulnerable populations.
See lessDiscuss the criticisms associated with the Below Poverty Line (BPL) estimations used for measuring poverty. (200 words)
Model Answer Criticisms of Below Poverty Line (BPL) Estimations in India Regional Variations BPL estimations often fail to account for regional price differences and consumption patterns. The poverty line basket (PLB) does not reflect the variations in cost of living, nutrition, and other factors thRead more
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Criticisms of Below Poverty Line (BPL) Estimations in India
BPL estimations often fail to account for regional price differences and consumption patterns. The poverty line basket (PLB) does not reflect the variations in cost of living, nutrition, and other factors that differ across states and periods. This leads to an inaccurate assessment of poverty levels, as needs and prices vary significantly.
The poverty lines used for BPL calculations are considered outdated and unrealistic. They fail to adjust for the changing cost of living, socio-economic conditions, and inflation, leading to an underestimation of the poverty levels.
The poverty rates derived from different methods (calorie intake vs. per capita expenditures) show significant divergences. The “direct” method, based on actual calorie intake, often conflicts with the “indirect” method, which uses consumption expenditure data and periodically updated poverty lines, leading to inconsistencies in measuring poverty.
The BPL approach largely focuses on income or expenditure as indicators of poverty. However, poverty is multi-dimensional, encompassing factors like health, education, access to clean water, and quality of work, none of which are adequately considered in the BPL estimations.
The BPL method does not capture improvements in public services like education, health, and food security. As a result, it does not reflect the actual well-being of households, which may benefit from government programs even if their reported consumption is low.
Efforts for Improvement
See lessTo overcome these shortcomings, there is a shift towards more comprehensive poverty measures like the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which includes deprivations in areas such as health, education, and living standards
Analyze the ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted human capital development during crucial phases in the lives of children and youth. Propose measures to mitigate these disruptions and rebuild lost potential. (200 words)
Model Answer Disruptions in Human Capital Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic 1. Lack of Food Security and Healthcare The pandemic caused significant reductions in household income, leading to food insecurity for children, negatively impacting their physical and cognitive development. The restrRead more
Model Answer
Disruptions in Human Capital Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic
1. Lack of Food Security and Healthcare
The pandemic caused significant reductions in household income, leading to food insecurity for children, negatively impacting their physical and cognitive development. The restrictions on movement and healthcare staff shortages further limited children’s access to essential health services, increasing the risk of long-term disabilities (World Bank).
2. Deterioration of Family Environment and Missed Preschool Education
Children’s home environments worsened during the pandemic, and millions of children missed out on preschool education, impairing their early development and preparation for elementary school.
3. Learning Losses and Dropout Risk
Remote learning, although implemented, was not accessible to all, especially marginalized groups, leading to significant learning losses. Many children, particularly from disadvantaged backgrounds, failed to return to school after closures, affecting their educational trajectory.
4. Youth Employment Losses
The youth faced severe employment setbacks, disrupting their transition from education to work. This period is crucial for accumulating human capital, and the pandemic exacerbated the long-term consequences by delaying their entry into the workforce.
Measures to Overcome These Losses
1. Support for Households
Government policies should support households recovering from pandemic-induced income losses to ensure children do not miss essential healthcare or preschool services.
2. Enhanced Learning Interventions
To address learning losses, measures like extended instructional time, targeted catch-up programs, and tutoring for students who fell behind should be implemented. Curriculum adjustments to focus on foundational skills will help students regain lost learning.
3. Reducing Dropouts and Financial Constraints
Tracking at-risk students, providing financial support, and implementing streamlined curricula can help reduce school dropouts.
4. Promoting Youth Employment
Government policies should focus on demand-side measures to stimulate hiring, along with adaptive training programs, job placement initiatives, and entrepreneurship support for youth.
By rebuilding human capital through targeted interventions, countries can recover from the setbacks caused by the pandemic and prepare for future challenges.
See lessExamine the opportunities for e-health services in India and analyze the challenges associated with their implementation. (200 words)
Model Answer Opportunities for E-Health Services in India Expanding Digital Health Market: India's digital health sector is expected to grow at a CAGR of 29.6% (2019-2025). By 2030, over 1 billion Indians may use digital health services. This positions India as a major market for global health IT plRead more
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Opportunities for E-Health Services in India
Challenges in Implementing E-Health
Measures to Bridge Challenges
Discuss the challenges faced by Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) and explore the measures required to overcome these challenges. (200 words)
Model Answer Challenges Faced by Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) Outdated Classification and Data Deficiency The current PVTG list is outdated and repetitive, with overlaps such as Mankidia and Birhor in Odisha being considered separate groups. Baseline surveys exist for only 40 of theRead more
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Challenges Faced by Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)
(Source: Anthropological Survey of India)
(Source: Ministry of Tribal Affairs, India)
Measures to Address the Challenges
With a focused and inclusive approach, PVTGs can achieve sustainable growth and integration into mainstream development frameworks.
See lessWhat are the challenges faced by the transgender community in India, and what measures have been taken to ensure their protection and welfare? (200 words)
Model Answer Challenges Faced by the Transgender Community in India Transgender individuals in India face significant challenges such as: Marginalization and Social Exclusion: Transgenders experience severe discrimination, including social rejection, bullying, and violence, leading to mental healthRead more
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Challenges Faced by the Transgender Community in India
Transgender individuals in India face significant challenges such as:
Government Measures for Protection and Welfare
These steps, while crucial, need to be expanded with greater social awareness and behavioral change to integrate the transgender community fully into society.
See less"What challenges do persons with disabilities (PwDs) face in India, and what measures has the government taken to empower them?" (200 words)
Model Answer Challenges Faced by Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) in India Persons with disabilities (PwDs) in India face numerous barriers that hinder their full participation in society: Social Stigma: PwDs often face discrimination and prejudice, which impacts their integration into families, comRead more
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Challenges Faced by Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) in India
Persons with disabilities (PwDs) in India face numerous barriers that hinder their full participation in society:
Government Initiatives to Empower PwDs
To address these challenges, the government has implemented several measures:
Despite these efforts, there remains a need for improved implementation, greater awareness, and enhanced capacity-building to ensure that PwDs receive full social justice and equality.
Sources: Census 2011, Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, National Policy for Persons with Disabilities, 2006.
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