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Polity Since Independence

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Home/Post-independence India/Polity Since Independence/Page 2

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Vivaan Sinha
  • 2
Vivaan SinhaBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 2

Examine how India’s party structure changed and how coalition politics came to be.

upsc: polity since independence
  1. Gopal Sharma
    Gopal Sharma Begginer

    Transformation of the Party System in India: From Dominant Party System to Coalition Politics: The Indian party system has undergone a significant transformation from a dominant party system to a coalition-based system. This change is attributed to various factors, including: Electoral Reforms: TheRead more

    Transformation of the Party System in India:

    From Dominant Party System to Coalition Politics: The Indian party system has undergone a significant transformation from a dominant party system to a coalition-based system. This change is attributed to various factors, including:

    Electoral Reforms: The introduction of the 81st Amendment Act in 2000, which enabled the Election Commission to regulate the use of money and muscle power in elections, led to a shift towards coalition politics.

    Regionalization of Politics: The growing importance of regional parties and the rise of regional leaders have contributed to the fragmentation of the party system.

    Nationalization of Issues: The increasing importance of national issues, such as economic reforms, globalization, and social justice, has led to a decline in the role of regional parties and a shift towards coalition politics.

    Recent Examples:

    • The UPA Government (2004-2014): The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government, led by the Indian National Congress (INC), was formed through a coalition of regional and national parties.
    • The NDA Government (2014-2019): The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government, led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), was also formed through a coalition of regional and national parties.
    • The Recent Lok Sabha Elections (2019): The 2019 general elections saw the emergence of new regional parties and the consolidation of existing ones, leading to further fragmentation of the party system.

    Key Points:

    • Coalition Politics is Here to Stay: The transformation of the party system in India is irreversible, and coalition politics is now an essential feature of Indian politics.
    • Regional Parties Play a Crucial Role: Regional parties have become a significant force in Indian politics, often holding the balance of power in government formation.
    • National Parties Need to Adapt: National parties must adapt to the changing landscape by forming coalitions and accommodating regional interests.
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Vivaan Sinha
  • 1
Vivaan SinhaBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 1

Talk about the major reforms carried out and the bureaucracy’s involvement in the creation and execution of policies in independent India.

upsc: polity since independence
  1. Gopal Sharma
    Gopal Sharma Begginer

    The Role of Bureaucracy in Policy Formulation and Implementation Introduction: The Indian bureaucracy has played a significant role in policy formulation and implementation since India's independence. The bureaucracy has been responsible for translating the government's policies into action, but itRead more

    The Role of Bureaucracy in Policy Formulation and Implementation

    Introduction: The Indian bureaucracy has played a significant role in policy formulation and implementation since India’s independence. The bureaucracy has been responsible for translating the government’s policies into action, but it has also been criticized for being slow, inefficient, and corrupt.

    Key Features:

    • Centralized Decision-Making: The Indian bureaucracy is characterized by a centralized decision-making process, with the Union Government exercising significant control over policy-making.
    • Bureaucratic Autonomy: Despite being accountable to the elected government, the bureaucracy has a significant degree of autonomy, which can sometimes lead to delay or obstruction of policy implementation.
    • Administrative Hierarchy: The bureaucracy is organized into a hierarchical structure, with the Cabinet Secretary at the top and various departments and ministries below.

    Recent Examples:

    • Demonetization (2016): The government’s decision to demonetize high-denomination currency notes was implemented through the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which is responsible for currency management.
    • GST Implementation (2017): The Goods and Services Tax (GST) was implemented through the Ministry of Finance and the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC), which are responsible for taxation and customs.
    • COVID-19 Response (2020): The government’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic was coordinated through various ministries, including the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Ministry of Home Affairs, and Ministry of Finance.

    Reforms Undertaken:

    • Administrative Reforms: The Government of India has undertaken various administrative reforms to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the bureaucracy, including the establishment of the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) and the Public Enterprises Selection Board (PESB).
    • Public Financial Management System (PFMS): The PFMS was introduced in 2012 to improve public financial management and reduce corruption.
    • Digital India: The Digital India initiative aims to promote digital governance and increase transparency in government functioning.
    • Right to Information Act (RTI): The RTI Act was enacted in 2005 to promote transparency and accountability in government functioning by giving citizens the right to access information.
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anjali rawat
  • 0
anjali rawatBegginer
Asked: August 10, 2024In: , , ,
  • 0

Why India cannot be a unitary state despite the fact that the constitution has made center more strong then the states?

federal stateindian constitutionunitary state
  1. sahrish khan
    sahrish khan Begginer

    India cannot be a unitary state because the constitution gives more power to center than the states,more power is given to central government.Here's an explanation for more clarity- 1-India is a diverse country and home of vast cultures,languages,ethnic groups and religions,if all the power will beRead more

    India cannot be a unitary state because the constitution gives more power to center than the states,more power is given to central government.Here’s an explanation for more clarity-

    1-India is a diverse country and home of vast cultures,languages,ethnic groups and religions,if all the power will be centralised it would be difficult for a government to manage and respect the diversity,hence the federal structure gives different states the authority to manage things according to their local needs.

    2-In British era,India was controlled by a centralised authority,which caused a lot of dissatisfaction and the framers of the constitution were aware about this situation hence they designed our constitution accordingly.

    3-The federal structure of our constitution divides the power between central and state.India has bicameral legislature which represents the states at the federal level.

    4-The center has more powers but supreme court often rules in favour of states rights whenever there is conflict which maintains power between center and state.

    5-India is large and diverse country it cannot be government effectively by centralised authority and centralised government would be overburdened and disconnected from local realities ,local administration are better at handling local issues which helps in smooth functioning.

    In simpler terms,India should remain a federal country because it is too diverse and has complex historical context and need for local governance.The balance between federalism and centralisation ensures effective functioning of a nation while respecting regional identities and maintaining unity.

     

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Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 31, 2024In:
  • 0

Answer the question in maximum 15 to 20 words. This question carries 03 marks.[MPPSC 2023] How many different Party Systems have India seen since gaining its independence?

upsc: polity since independence
  1. Alia Khan
    Alia Khan Begginer

    In the context of the UPSC Mains examination, understanding the evolution of India's party system is crucial. Since independence, India has witnessed several types of party systems, each marked by distinct political dynamics. Here’s a detailed examination with recent examples: 1. One-Party DominanceRead more

    In the context of the UPSC Mains examination, understanding the evolution of India’s party system is crucial. Since independence, India has witnessed several types of party systems, each marked by distinct political dynamics. Here’s a detailed examination with recent examples:

    1. One-Party Dominance System

    Description: In the early decades post-independence, India experienced a one-party dominance system, predominantly led by the Indian National Congress (INC). During this period, the INC had a commanding presence across most states, establishing a near-hegemony in Indian politics.

    Recent Example:

    • 1950s-1960s: The Indian National Congress, under leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and later Lal Bahadur Shastri, dominated Indian politics with significant electoral victories. The party’s dominance was so pronounced that it often faced minimal opposition, and state governments were predominantly Congress-led.

    2. Multi-Party System with Dominance of Regional Parties

    Description: From the 1970s onwards, India transitioned into a multi-party system. This period saw the rise of regional parties gaining significant influence, thereby reducing the dominance of the national parties. The political landscape became more diverse, with regional parties playing pivotal roles in various states.

    Recent Example:

    • 1980s-1990s: The emergence of parties like the Janata Dal, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) signaled the beginning of a multi-party system. The rise of regional leaders like M. Karunanidhi and N.T. Rama Rao highlighted the growing influence of regional parties.

    3. Coalition Politics and Fragmentation

    Description: From the early 1990s to the present, India has witnessed a significant shift towards coalition politics. This period is characterized by the fragmentation of the political landscape into various regional and national parties that often need to come together to form coalition governments.

    Recent Example:

    • 1990s-Present: The 1990s saw the formation of coalition governments at the Centre, starting with the V.P. Singh government (1989-1990) and continuing with successive coalitions such as the United Front government (1996-1998) and the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) and United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments. The 2014 and 2019 general elections saw the BJP forming a majority government, but coalition politics remains significant at the state level.

    4. Emergence of a Bipartisan System

    Description: In recent years, there has been a trend towards a more bipolar system at the national level, where two major parties, primarily the BJP and the Congress, dominate the political arena, though coalition politics still plays a crucial role.

    Recent Example:

    • 2014 and 2019 General Elections: The BJP under Narendra Modi achieved significant victories, indicating a trend towards a more bipolar system where the BJP and Congress are the primary contenders, though regional parties still hold substantial influence in various states.

    In summary, India’s party system has evolved from a one-party dominance model to a complex multi-party system characterized by coalition politics and regional party influence. Each phase reflects changing political dynamics and the growing diversity of India’s political landscape.

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Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: September 9, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Overview: Introduce the topic of state formation in India and its significance. Key Focus: State the objective of discussing whether the formation of new states is beneficial or detrimental to India’s economy. 2. Potential Benefits of Forming New ...

upsc: polity since independence
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The formation of new states in India has sparked considerable debate regarding its economic implications. Proponents argue that new states enhance administrative efficiency and regional development, while critics highlight potential drawbacks such as increased costs and fraRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The formation of new states in India has sparked considerable debate regarding its economic implications. Proponents argue that new states enhance administrative efficiency and regional development, while critics highlight potential drawbacks such as increased costs and fragmentation.

    Potential Benefits of Forming New States

    1. Enhanced Focus on Regional Development

    • Fact: Smaller states can tailor development initiatives and allocate resources based on specific local needs, leading to improved economic outcomes.

    2. Improved Governance and Service Delivery

    • Fact: Decentralized governance in smaller administrative units often results in better delivery of public services and welfare programs.

    3. Greater Political Representation

    • Fact: New states can enhance political representation for marginalized groups, providing them with a stronger voice in governance and policy-making.

    4. Healthy Competition

    • Fact: The creation of new states can foster competition among them, motivating governments to adopt best practices and strive for economic growth.

    Potential Drawbacks of Forming New States

    1. Initial Administrative Costs

    • Fact: Establishing new states incurs significant costs, including setting up administrative structures and infrastructure, which can strain the economy.

    2. Potential Inter-state Disputes

    • Fact: New state formations may lead to disputes over resources and borders, potentially hampering economic growth.

    3. Regionalism and Fragmentation

    • Fact: Formation based on cultural or linguistic lines can foster regionalism, weakening national unity and affecting economic development.

    4. Short-term Economic Disruption

    • Fact: Transitioning to a new administrative framework can cause short-term economic disruptions as systems are re-established.

    Case Studies

    • Examples: States like Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh show mixed results. While some have improved governance and development indicators, others have struggled with resource allocation and stability.
      • Source: Economic Survey of India.

    Conclusion

    The formation of new states in India presents a complex mix of benefits and drawbacks. A careful evaluation of these factors, along with a long-term approach to sustainable economic development and social welfare, is essential before making decisions on state formation.

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Rajashree Shirke
  • 0
Rajashree ShirkeLearner
Asked: January 17, 2025In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly mention the Indian National Movement as a crucial political development. State that the ideals of democracy, secularism, social justice, and equality, which emerged during the freedom struggle, are enshrined in the Indian Constitution, influencing civil liberties ...

upsc: polity since independence
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer The Indian National Movement was instrumental in shaping modern India's political values, laying the foundation for the civil liberties enjoyed by citizens today. The experiences and ideals of the movement are reflected in the Indian Constitution and legal framework. Key areas of influeRead more

    Model Answer

    The Indian National Movement was instrumental in shaping modern India’s political values, laying the foundation for the civil liberties enjoyed by citizens today. The experiences and ideals of the movement are reflected in the Indian Constitution and legal framework. Key areas of influence are as follows:

    1. Foundations of Democratic Polity

    • Grassroot Democracy: Gandhi emphasized decentralization and Panchayati Raj, inspiring the 73rd Amendment (1992) that institutionalized local self-governance.
    • Civil Libertarian Traditions: The movement ingrained a culture of accountability and inclusiveness, vital for India’s democratic setup.

    2. Religious Freedom

    • Secular Principles: The Karachi Session (1931) of the Indian National Congress passed a resolution affirming religious freedom. This aligns with Articles 25-28 of the Constitution, ensuring religious liberty and prohibiting discrimination.

    3. Advocacy for Social Justice

    • Elimination of Untouchability: The efforts of Gandhi and Ambedkar against caste discrimination influenced Articles 14-18, ensuring equality and abolishing untouchability.
    • Inclusive Citizenship: The movement championed equal rights for marginalized groups, creating a foundation for justice.

    4. Legacy of Peaceful Protests and Non-Violence

    • Gandhi’s non-violent campaigns, like the Salt March (1930), demonstrated the power of peaceful protests, reflected in Article 19(1)(b), guaranteeing the right to peaceful assembly.

    5. Universal Adult Suffrage

    • Advocacy for Voting Rights: Organizations like the Women’s Indian Association and proposals in the Nehru Report (1928) set the stage for Article 326, granting equal voting rights to all adults.

    6. Conclusion

    • The Indian National Movement instilled a commitment to democracy, equality, and secularism, forming the backbone of India’s civil liberties. Its vision continues to guide India’s democratic journey, ensuring rights for all citizens.
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Anita Ratnam
  • 0
Anita RatnamLearner
Asked: January 22, 2025In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce the significance of the 1960s in India’s post-independence history. State that the decade was marked by both challenges and transformative changes. 2. Challenges Faced A. Military Conflicts Sino-India War (1962): Discuss the impact of the war, including heavy ...

upsc: polity since independence
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Decade of Peril Wars and Insurgencies The decade was marred by military conflicts and internal unrest. The Sino-India War of 1962 resulted in heavy losses for Indian troops, who were unprepared due to poor equipment and leadership (Source: historical military analyses). Following this,Read more

    Model Answer

    Decade of Peril

    Wars and Insurgencies

    The decade was marred by military conflicts and internal unrest. The Sino-India War of 1962 resulted in heavy losses for Indian troops, who were unprepared due to poor equipment and leadership (Source: historical military analyses). Following this, the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 saw Pakistan attack the Rann of Kutch and Jammu and Kashmir, but India managed to counterattack and gain territory (Source: accounts of the Indo-Pakistani conflict). In 1966, the Mizo insurgency, led by Pu Laldenga and the Mizo National Front, sought independence for Mizoram, prompting the government to respond with targeted airstrikes.

    Economic Challenges

    Economically, India faced severe difficulties, including a shortage of foreign exchange due to a fixed exchange rate regime, which was exacerbated by high inflation affecting exports and increasing imports (Source: economic reports from the era). Additionally, failed monsoons in 1965-66 and 1966-67 led to food shortages, necessitating imports and threatening the political economy.

    Political Uncertainties

    The deaths of Prime Ministers Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964 and Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966 created political instability, further complicating governance during a critical period.

    Decade of Transformation

    Liberation of Goa

    A significant achievement was the liberation of Goa in 1961, when Indian forces launched Operation Vijay to reclaim the territory from Portuguese rule.

    Economic Developments

    The Mahalanobis Plan, implemented during the Second Five-Year Plan (1956-61), focused on heavy and basic industries, laying the groundwork for rapid industrialization (Source: economic development studies). The late 1960s also witnessed the Green Revolution, marked by the introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds, which made India self-sufficient in food grains.

    Nationalization of Banks

    In 1969, the nationalization of 14 private banks aimed to direct credit towards rural areas and support agricultural development, a significant step in reshaping the financial landscape.

    In conclusion, the 1960s were a decade of both peril and transformation for India, as the nation faced numerous challenges while simultaneously laying the groundwork for significant progress and resilience.

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