Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce the Chinese Revolution, emphasizing the period from 1911 to 1949. Mention that the revolution was a series of events that led to the creation of the People’s Republic of China and the eventual conflict between ...
Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions
Sharqa TabrezBegginer
How have evolving economic dynamics impacted fiscal relations between the Union and the States in India? Answer in 250 words.
Pranav ShahLearner
An endeavor that successfully combined institutional, technological, and market innovation is Operation Flood. Talk about how it affects society as well.
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Launched in 1970, Operation Flood was the world's largest dairy development program and a landmark project of India's National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). It transformed India from a milk deficient nation into the world's largest milk producer with about 17 percent of global output in 2010–11. WRead more
Launched in 1970, Operation Flood was the world’s largest dairy development program and a landmark project of India’s National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). It transformed India from a milk deficient nation into the world’s largest milk producer with about 17 percent of global output in 2010–11. Within a few decades, it doubled the milk available per person in India and made dairy farming India’s largest self-sustainable rural employment generator.
Significance Of The Indian Dairy Sector
- It is estimated that there are 75 million dairy farmers in the country, a number larger than the entire population of countries such as the UK, France, Italy or Thailand.
- It is especially important for women who account for over 60% of the days devoted to animal rearing and those with little land for whom it is an overwhelmingly important source of income.
Operation Flood And The Dairy Development Board
1.The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was created in 1965, fulfilling the desire of the then prime minister of India — the late Lal Bahadur Shastri to extend the success of the Kaira Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union (Amul) to other parts of India. 2.The White Revolution or Operation Flood launched by NDDB under the leadership of Dr Verghese Kurien, based on the Anand model of cooperative dairying that preceded it, is often regarded as one of the most successful examples of Indian innovation in the 20th century. 3.Operation Flood’s objectives included:
- Increased milk production
- Augmented rural incomes
- Fair prices for consumers
- Increased income of, and reduced poverty among participating farmers while ensuring a steady supply of milk in return.
An Effort That Brought Together Institutional, Technical And Market Innovation
Institutional Innovation
- NDDB has integrated more than one lakh dairy co-operatives in what it calls the Anand Pattern, linking the village society to the state federations in a three-tier structure.
- They organized farmers into a cooperative in the best sense of the word. They established a network of farmers and local dairies to collect and process daily milk produced.
- Cooperatives together decided to end the menace of middlemen in the dairy sector by procuring, processing and selling the dairy products themselves by using cooperatives.
Technical Innovation
- Adaptation of modern technology to local contexts was the bulwark of Operation flood’s early success. For example, the ability to make milk powder from buffalo milk was at that time regarded as impossible.
- Technology-enabled dairies to smoothen supplies of the dairy products, that are seasonal, throughout the year.
Market Innovation
- Since the beginning of operation flood dairies and the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) have evolved with the Indian consumer.
- As consumer diets changed, first gradually, then rapidly, Indian dairy cooperatives have kept pace, with offerings of processed products, butter, ghee, cream, sweets, chocolate and ice cream, with innovations in last-mile delivery.
- Operation flood is often credited with altering consumer perceptions that fresh milk purchased directly from milk vendors was safer than those that came in packets.
Political will
- The cooperative movement in India also owes much to Sardar Patel and Morarji Desai for their commitment to cooperatives, especially dairy cooperatives. They are the examples of political will that is expected from today’s politicians.
- In 1964 the then Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, on a visit to Anand to inaugurate a cattle feed plant, chose to spend a night in the village. His goal was to fathom the ingredients of Amul and to see if these could be replicated in other parts of the country. His visit led to the establishment of the National Dairy Development Board in 1965.
Impact Of Operation Flood On Society
- Operation Flood has its impacts on poverty alleviation. On one hand, it provided affordable dairy products to consumers and on the other hand, it helped farmers to secure their income from highly perishable products.
- All three phases of Operation Flood were implemented to reach around 18 million farmers.
- A significant proportion of beneficiaries were women and the functionally landless. It led to women empowerment.
- It was also a pioneer in prioritizing food safety at a time when these concerns were less well articulated.
- The cooperatives responded to the evolving needs of the farmer, expanding the range of input services and development activities upstream, including cattle feed, breeding, artificial insemination services, animal health and nutrition.
India is the world’s largest producer of milk, with some of the world’s smallest producers, but dairy cooperatives today thrive in only five or six states. Only around 22% of all milk produced is processed by the organized sector and most of the milk is consumed in liquid form or khoa, channa and paneer, all highly perishable. Considering the high employability of the sector we must replicate the Operation flood throughout India. Dairy is an obvious focal point for the government’s goal to double farmers’ incomes by 2022.
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Ravi ChopraBegginer
Analyze the land reform’s effects in the years following independence with a critical eye.
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Land reforms refer to a series of policy measures taken by the government of India after independence, to regulate ownership, operation, and leasing of land. Nearly two centuries of British revenue policy has caused extreme indebtedness of farmers, land fragmentation, increase in income inequality iRead more
Land reforms refer to a series of policy measures taken by the government of India after independence, to regulate ownership, operation, and leasing of land. Nearly two centuries of British revenue policy has caused extreme indebtedness of farmers, land fragmentation, increase in income inequality in rural India, less productivity, and stagnation of agriculture. After independence, the government of India took up issues of farmers on mission mode and initiated a series of reforms to rid Indian agriculture of feudalistic and exploitative agrarian structure.
Evaluation Of Land Reforms
1.Abolition of Intermediaries: Abolition of zamindari and similar intermediary tenures during 1950-55 essentially involved the removal of intermediaries between state and actual cultivators. a.
- Positives of this measure: This measure brought nearly 2.5 crore farmers into a direct relationship with the state. This facilitated distribution of 61 lakh hectares of land to landless farmers. b.
- Issues with this measure:
i. It led to the large-scale eviction of poor tenants from land. While landlordism has been abolished, absentee landlordism now continues to flourish. ii. The legislation conferred ownership rights not upon the actual cultivator, but on the statutory tenant, who himself was an intermediary with a chain of sub-tenants under him. c. Assessment: Thus, the abolition of intermediary rights on land has been a mixed blessing. Undoubtedly, this zamindari abolition has paved the way for a remarkable shift in the balance of power. But the goal of “land to the tiller” was not achieved. 2. Tenancy reforms: These reforms include, regulation of rent, providing security of tenure, and conferring rights of ownership for tenants.
Positives of this measure
This policy mandated that the Rent payable to the landowners should not exceed one-fifth to one-fourth of the gross produce of the land. In the light of this guideline, all the states have enacted laws for the fixation of rent. A very important aspect of tenancy reform is the conferment of ownership rights to tenants. This reform resulted in nearly 124.2 lac tenants getting ownership rights.
Issues with this measure
There existed a large-scale inter-state variation in rents fixed by the states. Due to a loose definition of the term personal cultivation, landowners continued to resume land for self-cultivation and evicted the tenants despite it being illegal. These reforms have failed to regulate rents because of the poor position of land-hungry farmers. Conferment of ownership also failed as only tenants operating in 4 percent of land got ownership rights. Assessment: Overall impact of tenancy reforms has been rather limited. Legislation for conferment of ownership rights could not yield good results because many tenants are incapable of buying land from the landowners and many of them are unwilling to do so. 3.Ceiling on Landholdings: To reduce the existing disparities in the pattern of land-ownership and make some land available for distribution to landless agricultural workers, the imposition of ceilings on agricultural holdings above a certain limit was envisaged. Positives of this measure: Till 2001, the total amount of land declared surplus was 73.67 lakh acres, 64.95 lakh acres of land had been taken over by the states. A total of 53.79 lakh acres of land have been distributed among 54.84 lakh tenants. Issues with this measure: In the second phase of this reform that started after 1972, ceiling limits have also been lowered. Besides this, the exemption for orchards, grazing land, religious/charitable/educational trusts, sugarcane plantations, tanks, fisheries have made the ceiling laws virtually redundant. Assessment of this measure: The operations of the ceiling law made virtually no impact on the agrarian structure. The public debate preceding this law over several years enabled landowners to manipulate land records. 4. Consolidation of Landholdings: Fragmented and subdivided landholdings, as well as small sized holdings, have made Indian agriculture unremunerative. So consolidation of these lands was necessary to boost efficiency and economy in India’s agriculture. This process till now is completed only in very few states, prominent among them being Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. One of the reasons for the tardy progress of this aspect of land reforms is that small farmers have a strong fear that consolidation favours large farmers.
Impact Of Land Reforms
- Land reforms have put an end to zamindars, jagirdars, and other exploitative intermediaries and reduced the revenue burden on farmers.
- Land ceiling laws had resulted in surplus land which created jobs for marginal and small farmers.
- The cumulative effect of all these reforms motivated investment and improved agriculture productivity.
- Land reforms changed the rural power structure drastically. Land reforms were followed by sanskritization and democratic decentralisation. This resulted in lower castes organizing themselves and asserting their rights.
- One of the important impacts of land reforms is that it has paved the way to change subsistence farming into commercial farming.
After more than 70 years of independence, one notices some achievements in the sphere of land reforms. At the same time, our efforts in this direction have not yielded desired results. Most of the planks of land reform measures are ambivalent and there are large gaps between policy and legislation and between legislation and implementation.
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How does India’s demographic dividend influence its economic prospects, and what strategies are essential to harness this demographic dividend effectively?
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“The Indian economy is poised for sustained growth, driven by innovation, entrepreneurship, and a young demographic.” - Raghuram Rajan. India’s post-independence economy has undergone significant transformations and faced numerous challenges over the decades. Transformations in India’s Post IndependRead more
“The Indian economy is poised for sustained growth, driven by innovation, entrepreneurship, and a young demographic.” – Raghuram Rajan. India’s post-independence economy has undergone significant transformations and faced numerous challenges over the decades.
Transformations in India’s Post Independence Economy
1. Industrial Development:
• Early Industrial Policy: The initial decades post-independence saw a focus on import substitution industrialization (ISI), aimed at reducing dependency on imports by promoting domestic manufacturing.
• Liberalization Reforms: In the 1990s, economic liberalization policies were introduced, dismantling many restrictions on private sector participation, foreign investment, and trade, leading to increased industrial growth and modernization.
2. Agricultural Sector:
• Green Revolution: In the 1960s and 1970s, the Green Revolution significantly boosted agricultural productivity through the introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYVs), irrigation infrastructure, and modern agricultural practices.
• Challenges Remain: Despite improvements, the agricultural sector continues to face challenges such as low productivity, small landholdings, water scarcity, and income disparities.
3. Services Sector Boom:
• Rise of IT and BPO: The services sector, particularly information technology (IT) and business process outsourcing (BPO), witnessed rapid growth post-1990s, making India a global hub for IT services and back-office operations.
• Contribution to GDP: Services now contribute significantly to India’s GDP, surpassing agriculture and manufacturing in economic output.
4. Infrastructure Development:
• Investment in Infrastructure: There has been substantial investment in infrastructure projects such as roads, railways, airports, and urban amenities to support economic growth and urbanization.
• Gaps Remain: Infrastructure deficits persist in sectors like energy, transportation, and sanitation, hindering economic efficiency and growth potential.
5. Global Integration:
• Trade and Investment: India has increasingly integrated into the global economy through trade liberalization, foreign direct investment (FDI), and participation in international organizations like WTO.
• Export Growth: Export-oriented industries have expanded, diversifying India’s trade basket and enhancing its global competitiveness.Challenges:
1. Income Inequality and Poverty:
• Persistent Disparities: Income inequality remains a challenge, with disparities between urban and rural areas, and marginalized communities facing socio-economic exclusion and poverty.
2. Unemployment and Underemployment:
• Youth Employment: High unemployment rates, particularly among youth, and underemployment in informal sectors pose significant socio-economic challenges.
• Skill Mismatch: There is a mismatch between the skills demanded by the labor market and those possessed by the workforce.
3. Infrastructure Deficits:
• Quality and Access: Infrastructure gaps, including inadequate power supply, poor transport networks, and deficient healthcare and education facilities, impede economic productivity and growth.
4. Environmental Sustainability:
• Environmental Degradation: Rapid industrialization and urbanization have led to environmental challenges such as air and water pollution, deforestation, and resource depletion.
• Climate Change Risks: Vulnerability to climate change impacts poses risks to agriculture, water resources, and coastal communities.
5. Policy Reforms and Governance:
• Bureaucratic Bottlenecks: Cumbersome regulatory frameworks, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and policy uncertainties hinder business operations and investment.
• Ease of Doing Business: Improving the ease of doing business, regulatory transparency, and governance reforms are essential for attracting investments and promoting sustainable growth.
6. Social Sector Development:
• Healthcare and Education: Gaps in healthcare infrastructure, quality education, and social security systems limit human development outcomes and inclusive growth.Conclusion:
While significant strides have been made in industrialization, services growth, and global integration, persistent issues such as income inequality, infrastructure deficits, environmental sustainability, and governance reforms require continuous attention and policy interventions. Addressing these challenges is crucial for sustaining economic growth, improving living standards, and achieving inclusive development in India.
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To what extent did the Green Revolution in India not only increase agricultural productivity but also reshape rural economies and societal structures?
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The Green Revolution in India undoubtedly boosted agricultural production, but its impact on rural economies and societal structures was a double-edged sword. Here's a breakdown: Positive Reshaping: Increased Food Security: Production of wheat and rice soared, making India self-sufficient in food grRead more
The Green Revolution in India undoubtedly boosted agricultural production, but its impact on rural economies and societal structures was a double-edged sword. Here’s a breakdown:
Positive Reshaping:
- Increased Food Security: Production of wheat and rice soared, making India self-sufficient in food grains and even allowing for exports. This reduced dependence on food imports and improved national food security.
- Rural Employment: The Green Revolution wasn’t just about seeds. It involved irrigation projects, improved infrastructure, and the development of allied industries like food processing and transportation. This created new job opportunities in rural areas.
- Income Rise for Some: Farmers who adopted the new technologies and had access to resources saw a rise in income, leading to a better standard of living for some rural families.
- Commercialization of Agriculture: The Green Revolution introduced a more commercial approach to farming. This benefited some farmers who could invest in inputs and sell their produce for profit.
Negative Reshaping :
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Unequal Benefits: Large landholders with better access to resources like credit and irrigation benefited more from the Green Revolution. This widened the gap between rich and poor farmers.
- Debt Burden: The high cost of fertilizers, pesticides, and HYV seeds pushed some farmers into debt, leading to land loss and poverty.
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Environmental Impact: The overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides had negative consequences for soil health and water quality.
- Social Disruption: The shift to commercial farming led to a decline in traditional farming practices and a loss of biodiversity. This also disrupted traditional social structures in some rural areas.
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Conclusion :
The Green Revolution undeniably transformed rural India. While it brought increased food security and economic opportunities for some, it also created new inequalities and environmental challenges. The long-term impact on societal structures remains a topic of debate.
In case of recession, why are most companies laying off many of their employees?
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During a recession, companies lay off employees primarily to manage costs and ensure survival. Revenue drops as consumer spending decreases, prompting businesses to reduce expenses, and labor is one of the largest costs. Layoffs help immediately cut payroll expenses and preserve cash flow, which isRead more
During a recession, companies lay off employees primarily to manage costs and ensure survival. Revenue drops as consumer spending decreases, prompting businesses to reduce expenses, and labor is one of the largest costs. Layoffs help immediately cut payroll expenses and preserve cash flow, which is crucial during economic uncertainty.
With lower demand for products and services, companies need fewer employees. Aligning the workforce with reduced demand helps maintain operational efficiency. Additionally, recessions often trigger restructuring efforts to streamline operations and eliminate redundancies, further driving layoffs.
Publicly traded companies face investor pressure to maintain profitability and protect stock prices. Layoffs signal decisive cost management, reassuring investors about the company’s financial health. For some businesses, layoffs are essential to avoid bankruptcy, ensuring they can continue operations during the downturn.
While layoffs are common, they can harm employee morale, company reputation, and long-term performance. Some companies explore alternatives like reducing executive salaries, cutting non-essential expenses, or implementing temporary furloughs to mitigate these impacts. Ultimately, layoffs are a strategic move to balance immediate cost reduction with the goal of emerging stronger post-recession.
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Maryam bhatBegginer
Why is there still such a huge unemployment rate in India even after being a labour intensive country , why are there still not many opportunities for our youth.why are we still behind the other big countries in terms of ...
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The high unemployment rate in India, despite being a labor-intensive country, is due to a complex interplay of factors. Here are some key reasons: 1. **Population Growth:** - India has a large and rapidly growing population, resulting in a significant number of new job seekers entering the labor marRead more
The high unemployment rate in India, despite being a labor-intensive country, is due to a complex interplay of factors. Here are some key reasons:
1. **Population Growth:**
– India has a large and rapidly growing population, resulting in a significant number of new job seekers entering the labor market each year. The job creation rate is not keeping pace with this influx.2. **Education and Skill Gap:**
– There is a mismatch between the education system and the needs of the labor market. Many graduates lack the practical skills and vocational training required by employers. The quality of education varies significantly, leading to a workforce that is not uniformly skilled.3. **Informal Sector Dominance:**
– A large part of India’s workforce is employed in the informal sector, which includes jobs that are often low-paying, insecure, and lacking in benefits. These jobs do not provide the stability and growth opportunities that are needed to reduce unemployment effectively.4. **Slow Industrial Growth:**
– The growth of industries that have the potential to create large-scale employment, such as manufacturing and construction, has been slower than expected. This is partly due to regulatory hurdles, infrastructure deficiencies, and other economic challenges.5. **Agricultural Dependence:**
– A significant portion of the Indian population is still dependent on agriculture, which is often seasonal and subject to uncertainties such as monsoons and market fluctuations. This sector does not generate sufficient year-round employment.6. **Economic Reforms and Structural Issues:**
– Economic reforms have sometimes led to jobless growth, where the economy grows but does not create a proportional number of jobs. Additionally, structural issues like land acquisition problems, bureaucratic red tape, and inconsistent policy implementation hinder industrial expansion and job creation.7. **Lack of Entrepreneurship and SME Growth:**
– Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are crucial for job creation but face challenges such as lack of access to finance, complex regulatory environments, and competition from larger firms. Encouraging entrepreneurship and supporting SMEs can help in generating more employment opportunities.8. **Technological Advancements:**
– Automation and digitalization are transforming industries, leading to a demand for new skills while reducing the need for certain types of labor-intensive jobs. This shift requires workers to constantly upgrade their skills, which is challenging in the absence of robust skill development programs.To address these issues, India needs a multi-faceted approach that includes:
– **Educational Reforms:** Aligning education with market needs and improving the quality of vocational and technical training.
– **Skill Development Programs:** Enhancing skill development initiatives to equip the youth with industry-relevant skills.
– **Industrial and Economic Policies:** Encouraging industrial growth, particularly in labor-intensive sectors, and reducing bureaucratic obstacles.
– **Support for SMEs:** Providing better access to finance, simplifying regulatory processes, and fostering a conducive environment for small businesses.
– **Agricultural Modernization:** Improving agricultural practices and providing alternative employment opportunities for those dependent on agriculture.
– **Promotion of Entrepreneurship:** Encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship through supportive policies and incentives.These steps can help create more employment opportunities and bridge the skill gap, positioning India to better compete with other major economies.
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How does income inequality impact the social fabric of Indian society? What measures can be taken to reduce the widening gap between the rich and poor in India?
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This answer was edited.
Income inequality significantly impacts the social fabric of Indian society in various ways: 1. Social Segregation: Widening income gaps lead to physical and social segregation, as the rich and poor live in separate worlds. 2. Limited Social Mobility: Income inequality restricts opportRead more
Income inequality significantly impacts the social fabric of Indian society in various ways:
1. Social Segregation: Widening income gaps lead to physical and social segregation, as the rich and poor live in separate worlds.
2. Limited Social Mobility: Income inequality restricts opportunities for upward mobility, perpetuating cycles of poverty.
3. Increased Crime and Violence: Economic disparities can fuel crime, violence, and social unrest.
4. Health Disparities: The poor face inadequate access to healthcare, leading to poor health outcomes.
5. Education Inequality: Limited access to quality education perpetuates income inequality.
6. Social Unrest and Protests: Severe income inequality can lead to social movements and protests.
Addressing income inequality is crucial to maintaining India’s social fabric and promoting a more equitable society.
Measures to reduce the widening gap between rich and poor India.
I.Foster Inclusive Framework:
a) Enforce Constitutional Provision: Enforce constitutional guarantee of equality as enshrined in fundamental rights through policy measures. Government policies that are formulated to strengthen these rights need strict implementation.
b)Progressive Taxation: Implementing progressive taxation in India can help reduce income inequality by ensuring that those who earn more contribute a higher proportion of their income to taxes. A 1% wealth tax on Indian billionaires is enough to fund the National Health Mission, India’s largest healthcare scheme. Taxing India’s billionaires at 2% would support the nutrition of India’s malnourished for three years.
c)Inclusive Governance: Foster inclusive governance by encouraging citizen participation, promoting transparency, and reducing corruption. Empower local self-governments and involve marginalized communities in decision-making processes.
d)Private Sector Engagement: Encourage corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives that focus on inclusive development. Encourage private companies to invest in social sectors and support community development projects.
II. Increase the Reach of Basic Necessities:
a) Universal Access to Public Services: By ensuring universal access to public funded high-quality services like public health and education, social security benefits, employment guarantee schemes, inequality can be reduced to a great extent.
b) Employment Generation: The labor-intensive manufacturing sector of India has the potential to absorb millions of people who are leaving farming while the service sector tends to benefit the urban middle class.
c) Women Empowerment: Promote gender equality in education, employment, and entrepreneurship to empower women economically and socially.
III. Social and Financial Inclusion:
a) Land Reforms: Implement land reforms to address issues of land ownership and tenancy. Ensure fair and equitable distribution of land resources.
b) Promoting Civil Society: Provide a greater voice to traditionally oppressed and suppressed groups, including by enabling civil society groups like unions and associations within these groups.
c) Technology and Innovation: Embrace technological advancements to create new opportunities for all. Ensure that the benefits of technological progress are shared across different sections of society.
By embracing and implementing inclusive policies that tackle the underlying causes of inequality, India has the potential to transition towards a more equitable society.
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Dilip KumarBegginer
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This answer was edited.
Urbanisation in contemporary India is 68 % in rural and 38% in urban areas. the percentage in rural areas is relatively less compared to similar economies even though rate of rural urban migration and expansion of cities are high,this is known as under urbanisation. Meanwhile India's megacities aRead more
Urbanisation in contemporary India is 68 % in rural and 38% in urban areas. the percentage in rural areas is relatively less compared to similar economies even though rate of rural urban migration and expansion of cities are high,this is known as under urbanisation. Meanwhile India’s megacities are over urbanised where the population is well beyond carrying capacity.
CHALLENGES OF URBANISATION
- overcrowding, housing shortage, formation of slums and overburdened infrastructure- According to the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, the urban housing shortage in India was around 18.78 million units between 2012-27, with over 65 million people living in slums or informal settlements. overcrowded spaces tend to get diseases very fast thus a health and sanitation factor is also important.
- Environmental Impact of air pollution- severe air pollution primarily due to vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and construction projects. which eventually increase the carbon emissions.
- Inadequate Solid Waste Management: Indian cities struggle with the management of solid waste leading to piling garbage and health hazards.
- Water Scarcity and Poor Water Management: Due to increasing urbanization, population expansion, and groundwater depletion, many cities are experiencing severe water shortages.
For instance, people in Chennai had to rely on water tankers and desalination facilities due to a serious water crisis in 2019. - Urban Heat Island Effect and Loss of Green Spaces: The urban heat island effect, which raises temperatures and energy consumption, is a result of rapid urbanization and the loss of green spaces.
- transportation and traffic issues- inadequate publics transport system, increasing private vehicles have lead to traffic congestion,, which lengthens commutes and reduces productivity.
SOLUTIONS TO CREATE SUSTAINABLE AND LIVEABLE CITIES
- development of green spaces- Green space interventions nourish the city’s existing character, improve environmental conditions, promote outdoor recreational spaces and active lifestyles, and protect biodiversity by creating wildlife habitats.
- encouraging sustainable living practices- proper waste management, Implementing the “Sponge City” concept, which involves theintegration of permeable pavements, green roofs, rainwater gardens, and other water-absorbing features into urban landscapes.
- Popularizing smart city infrastructure—such as smart grids, intelligent traffic management systems, and Internet of Things-enabled public services—will increase productivity, lower carbon emissions, and improve the standard of living for locals.
- effective public transportation system-which eventually reduces the vehicular emissions and traffic commotion.
- There needs to be a multidimensional approach towards policy making involving the State ,cooperates and civil society and need to integrate sustainable urban planning, infrastructure development and social welfare activities. Some of the government initiated programmes related to urban areas- Smart cities, AMRUT Mission, Swatch Bharat mission-urban,Aspirational District Programme,Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM).
- Planning for the best possible use of urban land- All towns and cities included in the “Healthy Cities Programme” should tighten rules to make the most use of their planning area, or urban land. There must be regular review of town and country planning or urban and regional development acts.
- Enhanced Private Sector participation: The inclusion of private sector consultancies in urban planning and development is one way to improve the participation of the private sector in these processes.
Model Answer Key Events of the Chinese Revolution and the Conflict Between Nationalists and Communists The Chinese Revolution spanned several key events between 1911 and 1949, each contributing to the eventual conflict between the Nationalists (Kuomintang) and the Communists for control of mainlandRead more
Model Answer
Key Events of the Chinese Revolution and the Conflict Between Nationalists and Communists
The Chinese Revolution spanned several key events between 1911 and 1949, each contributing to the eventual conflict between the Nationalists (Kuomintang) and the Communists for control of mainland China.
Xinhai Revolution (1911)
The revolution began with the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty, which had ruled China for centuries. Led by Sun Yat-sen, the revolution resulted in the establishment of the Republic of China. This event marked the end of imperial rule and set the stage for the Nationalists to rise to power, though the country was left fractured and unstable.
Warlord Era (1916-1927)
Following the fall of the Qing, China descended into chaos as regional warlords competed for power, undermining any centralized authority. This period created a fractured political environment, with the Nationalists struggling to unify the country.
Northern Expedition (1926-1928)
To end the Warlord Era and reunify China, the Nationalists, under Chiang Kai-shek, launched the Northern Expedition. The campaign was successful in eliminating many warlords, but it also laid the groundwork for the conflict between the Nationalists and Communists, as both factions fought for control over the newly unified China.
Shanghai Massacre (1927)
Tensions reached a boiling point when Chiang Kai-shek ordered the execution of Communist Party members and labor activists during the Shanghai Massacre. This marked the breakdown of the united front between the Nationalists and Communists, resulting in open conflict.
Chinese Civil War (1927-1949)
Following the Shanghai Massacre, the Nationalists and Communists engaged in a prolonged civil war. The Nationalists were backed by Western powers, while the Communists were supported by the Soviet Union. Despite the Nationalists’ superior military strength, the Communists, under Mao Zedong, gained popular support, especially among the peasantry.
Japanese Invasion (1937-1945)
The Second Sino-Japanese War added complexity to the situation, as both the Nationalists and Communists temporarily allied to fight the Japanese invaders. However, after Japan’s defeat, the Civil War resumed, with both factions vying for control of China.
Communist Victory (1949)
After years of brutal conflict, the Communists emerged victorious. They established the People’s Republic of China, while the Nationalists retreated to Taiwan.
The conflict between the Nationalists and Communists was driven by political differences, power struggles, and external pressures, ultimately leading to the Communist victory and the establishment of a new socialist regime in China.
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