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Growth of Militant Nationalism & Revolutionary Activities (1905-1918)

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Home/Freedom Movement/Growth of Militant Nationalism & Revolutionary Activities (1905-1918)

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Adheesh Raman
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Adheesh RamanLearner
Asked: January 4, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Briefly introduce the Swadeshi movement (1905). Mention its context: the partition of Bengal and its significance in the nationalist struggle. Innovative Strategies Employed Boycotts of Foreign Goods Public burning of foreign cloth (Chandra, 2009). Boycott of British-controlled products such as salt. Mass Mobilization ...

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Innovative Strategies in the Swadeshi Movement The Swadeshi movement, initiated in 1905 as a response to the partition of Bengal, employed several innovative strategies to galvanize public sentiment against British rule. Key methods included: Boycotts: A widespread boycott of foreign goRead more

    Model Answer

    Innovative Strategies in the Swadeshi Movement

    The Swadeshi movement, initiated in 1905 as a response to the partition of Bengal, employed several innovative strategies to galvanize public sentiment against British rule. Key methods included:

    1. Boycotts: A widespread boycott of foreign goods was a central tenet, with public demonstrations featuring the burning of foreign cloth. This act symbolized resistance to colonial economic exploitation (Chandra, 2009).
    2. Mass Mobilization: Public meetings and processions became essential tools for rallying support. Organizations like the Swadesh Bandhab Samiti played a crucial role in mobilizing volunteers and spreading awareness (Bose & Jalal, 2004).
    3. Cultural Integration: The movement creatively utilized traditional festivals, such as the Ganapati and Shivaji festivals, to disseminate political messages. Leaders like Lokmanya Tilak leveraged these events to strengthen nationalist sentiment (Mitra, 2011).
    4. Social Reform: Emphasizing self-reliance, the movement promoted campaigns against social issues like caste oppression and the dowry system while fostering local industries, including textile mills and match factories (Chatterjee, 1993).

    Success of the Movement

    The Swadeshi movement achieved significant milestones, broadening the social base of the nationalist struggle by involving women and students. It marked the first pan-India freedom movement, with leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai and Tilak extending its influence beyond Bengal (Guha, 2010). Additionally, it catalyzed various strands of Indian nationalism, incorporating art, literature, and education into its framework.

    However, challenges persisted. The movement deepened divisions within the Congress, culminating in the Surat Split of 1907. The participation of the upper and middle classes limited its reach to the peasantry, and the reliance on Hindu symbols often alienated Muslim communities (Nanda, 2000).

    In summary, while the Swadeshi movement laid important groundwork for India’s independence, its full potential was not realized due to internal divisions and societal limitations. Nonetheless, it significantly shaped the trajectory of India’s struggle against colonial rule.

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Rupal Chovhan
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Rupal ChovhanBegginer
Asked: September 25, 2024In: , ,
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what were the contributions of extremists in the indian independence movement?
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert
    This answer was edited.

    India's struggle for freedom spanned decades with nationalist movements, non violent protests and armed rebellions, ultimately leading to independence from British rule on August 15, 1947. Overview -  Early nationalist movements (1885-1905) saw the emergence of Indian National Congress (INC) led byRead more

    India’s struggle for freedom spanned decades with nationalist movements, non violent protests and armed rebellions, ultimately leading to independence from British rule on August 15, 1947.

    Overview – 

    1. Early nationalist movements (1885-1905) saw the emergence of Indian National Congress (INC) led by Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who advocated for Indian rights and self rule.
    2. The Non Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) led by Mahatma Gandhi involved boycotting British goods, law courts and institutions with events like the Chauri Chaura incident.
    3. The Salt March (1930) was a 24 day walk led by Mahatma Gandhi from Ahmedabad to Dandi, protesting the British salt tax, defying colonial laws.
    4. The Quit India Movement (1942) led by Mahatma Gandhi demanded immediate independence, sparking widespread protests, strikes and arrests with slogans like “Do or Die” echoing nationwide.
    5. The Indian Independence Act (1947) was passed by the British Parliament, granting India independence with Jawaharlal Nehru as the first Prime Minister on August 15, 1947.

     

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Aastha Kapoor
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Aastha KapoorBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
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Analyze how revolutionary leaders like Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, and Aurobindo Ghosh contributed to the armed resistance movement against the British rule.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Shekhar jaat
    Shekhar jaat Begginer

    Contribution of Aurobindo Ghosh: Intellectual Leadership: Aurobindo Ghosh was a key intellectual leader of the Indian independence movement, advocating for complete independence from British colonial rule. He founded the newspaper Bande Mataram and wrote extensively on politics, philosophy, and spirRead more

    Contribution of Aurobindo Ghosh:

    • Intellectual Leadership: Aurobindo Ghosh was a key intellectual leader of the Indian independence movement, advocating for complete independence from British colonial rule. He founded the newspaper Bande Mataram and wrote extensively on politics, philosophy, and spirituality.
    • Revolutionary Ideology: Aurobindo’s writings on revolution and self-government influenced the development of the Indian nationalist movement, emphasizing the need for armed resistance against British colonial rule.
    • Example of Sacrifice: Aurobindo’s willingness to sacrifice his personal life and freedom for the cause of Indian independence set an example for future generations of revolutionaries.

    Contribution of Bhagat Singh:

    • Terrorist Activities: Bhagat Singh was a prominent figure in the Indian revolutionary movement, known for his involvement in terrorist activities such as bombings and assassinations. He believed that these actions would bring attention to the cause of Indian independence and inspire others to join the movement.
    • Lahore Conspiracy Case: Bhagat Singh was arrested and executed in 1931 for his involvement in the Lahore Conspiracy Case, which involved a plot to assassinate British officials.
    • Symbolism: Bhagat Singh’s death became a symbol of Indian resistance against British colonial rule, inspiring future generations of revolutionaries.

    Contribution of Chandrashekhar Azad:

    • Free India: Azad was a key figure in the Indian revolutionary movement, advocating for the creation of a free India. He believed that armed resistance was necessary to achieve this goal.
    • Daring Escapes: Azad’s daring escapes from British captivity, including his famous escape from Lahore’s Central Jail in 1924, inspired many Indians and solidified his reputation as a symbol of Indian resistance.
    • Last Stand: Azad’s final stand at Alfred Park in 1931, where he was killed in a shootout with British police, became a symbol of Indian bravery and resistance.

    Recent Examples:

    • Naxalite Movement: The Naxalite movement, which began in the 1960s and continues to this day, is a recent example of armed resistance against the Indian state. While its ideology is different from that of earlier revolutionary movements, it shares similar goals and motivations.
    • Kashmir Insurgency: The ongoing insurgency in Kashmir, which began in the 1990s, is another example of armed resistance against the Indian state. While its goals and motivations are complex and multifaceted, it is clear that many Kashmiris are fighting against what they perceive as Indian occupation.
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Nyla Agarwal
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Nyla AgarwalBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
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Discuss the Ghadar movement’s relevance and impact on the nationalist fight, particularly in the Indian diaspora.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Pritma Sharma
    Pritma Sharma Begginer

    The Ghadar movement was a significant event in the Indian nationalist struggle, particularly in its impact on the Indian diaspora. Here is a discussion of the movement's significance and its influence on the broader nationalist movement: Origins and objectives: The Ghadar movement was launched in 19Read more

    The Ghadar movement was a significant event in the Indian nationalist struggle, particularly in its impact on the Indian diaspora. Here is a discussion of the movement’s significance and its influence on the broader nationalist movement:

    1. Origins and objectives:
      The Ghadar movement was launched in 1913 by Indian immigrants, primarily Punjabi Sikhs, living in the United States and Canada. Its primary objective was to organize an armed revolution to overthrow the British colonial rule in India.
    2. Mobilization of the diaspora:
      The Ghadar movement was highly effective in mobilizing the Indian diaspora, especially in North America, to support the cause of Indian independence. It tapped into the sense of alienation and discrimination experienced by many Indian immigrants, and channeled their nationalist sentiments into a revolutionary agenda.
    3. Transnational connections:
      The Ghadar movement established strong transnational connections between the Indian diaspora and the independence movement in India. It facilitated the flow of resources, information, and recruits between the two fronts, enhancing the overall capacity and reach of the nationalist struggle.
    4. Radicalization of the movement:
      The Ghadar movement’s embrace of armed revolution represented a significant departure from the predominantly nonviolent civil disobedience campaigns led by Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. This radical approach helped to diversify the strategies and tactics employed in the nationalist struggle.
    5. Impact on the Indian independence movement:
      While the Ghadar movement itself was ultimately suppressed by the British authorities, it had a lasting impact on the broader nationalist movement. It contributed to the radicalization of certain segments of the independence struggle, and helped to sustain the momentum of the revolutionary impulse even in the face of setbacks.
    6. Inspiration for future revolutionaries:
      The Ghadar movement’s legacy lived on, inspiring subsequent generations of Indian revolutionaries, such as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association and the Bhagat Singh-led Shaheed movement. Its influence can be seen in the continued importance of armed struggle as a tactic within the nationalist movement.

    Overall, the Ghadar movement played a significant role in galvanizing the Indian diaspora, broadening the strategies employed in the nationalist struggle, and maintaining the revolutionary spirit that ultimately contributed to the achievement of Indian independence.

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Nyla Agarwal
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Nyla AgarwalBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
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Analyze the British response to the mounting threat of revolutionary activity, including the implementation of oppressive measures and counter-intelligence.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Pritma Sharma
    Pritma Sharma Begginer

    Here is the answer to the question for UPSC Mains aspirants, with the key points and headings bolded: British Response to the Growing Threat of Revolutionary Activities: Repressive Measures Sedition Act (1870): The British government introduced the Sedition Act, which criminalized any speech or writRead more

    Here is the answer to the question for UPSC Mains aspirants, with the key points and headings bolded:

    British Response to the Growing Threat of Revolutionary Activities:

    1. Repressive Measures
      • Sedition Act (1870): The British government introduced the Sedition Act, which criminalized any speech or writing that was considered seditious or aimed at inciting disaffection towards the government.
      • Defense of India Act (1915): This act gave the British government sweeping powers to arrest, detain, and censor individuals suspected of engaging in revolutionary activities.
      • Recent example: The use of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) by the Indian government to crackdown on civil society organizations and activists, which has been criticized by human rights organizations as a violation of democratic principles.
    2. Counter-Intelligence Efforts
      • Special Branch: The British government established the Special Branch, a specialized intelligence agency, to monitor and infiltrate revolutionary organizations and gather information on their activities.
      • Surveillance and Informant Networks: The British government also employed extensive surveillance techniques and built up a network of informants to gather intelligence on the activities of revolutionary groups.
      • Recent example: The use of technology-based surveillance techniques by the Indian government, such as the alleged use of Pegasus spyware, to monitor the activities of activists, journalists, and political opponents, which has been criticized as a violation of privacy and civil liberties.

    Impact of British Repressive Measures and Counter-Intelligence Efforts:

    1. Containment of Revolutionary Activities: The British government’s repressive measures and counter-intelligence efforts were largely successful in containing the immediate threat of revolutionary activities, at least in the short term.
      Recent example: The Indian government’s continued use of repressive measures and counter-intelligence efforts to suppress dissent and criticism, which has been met with criticism from human rights organizations and the international community.
    2. Radicalization of the Nationalist Movement: However, the British government’s heavy-handed response also contributed to the radicalization of the nationalist movement, as it fueled resentment and a sense of injustice among the Indian population.
      Recent example: The ongoing protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and the National Register of Citizens (NRC) in India, which have been driven in part by a perception of the government’s authoritarian tendencies and disregard for civil liberties.
    3. Erosion of Public Trust: The British government’s reliance on repressive measures and counter-intelligence efforts also contributed to the erosion of public trust in the government, as the Indian population increasingly perceived the government as being more concerned with maintaining power than addressing their legitimate grievances.
      Recent example: The Indian government’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has been criticized for its lack of transparency and the perceived prioritization of political considerations over public health concerns, has contributed to a further erosion of public trust.

    Overall, the British government’s response to the growing threat of revolutionary activities, while initially successful in containing the immediate threat, ultimately contributed to the radicalization of the nationalist movement and the erosion of public trust in the government, with lasting consequences for the country’s political and social dynamics.

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Nyla Agarwal
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Nyla AgarwalBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
  • 1

Assess the influence of the Partition of Bengal and the subsequent Swadeshi movement on the rise of militant nationalism.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Shekhar jaat
    Shekhar jaat Begginer

    The Partition of Bengal in 1905 was a significant event that had a profound impact on the development of militant nationalism in India. The partition, which divided the province of Bengal into two separate entities, East Bengal (now Bangladesh) and West Bengal, was a major blow to Indian unity and iRead more

    The Partition of Bengal in 1905 was a significant event that had a profound impact on the development of militant nationalism in India. The partition, which divided the province of Bengal into two separate entities, East Bengal (now Bangladesh) and West Bengal, was a major blow to Indian unity and identity. The subsequent Swadeshi movement, which emerged as a response to the partition, played a crucial role in shaping the trajectory of militant nationalism.

    Key Points:

    • Unity and Identity: The Partition of Bengal threatened to erode Indian unity and identity, leading to a sense of disunity and fragmentation among different regions.
    • Swadeshi Movement: The Swadeshi movement, which emerged in response to the partition, emphasized the importance of self-reliance and self-sufficiency in India’s struggle for independence.
    • Militant Nationalism: The Swadeshi movement laid the groundwork for the emergence of militant nationalism, which emphasized the use of violence and armed struggle to achieve independence.

    Recent Examples:

    • Naxalite Movement: The Naxalite movement, which emerged in the 1960s, can be seen as a continuation of the militant nationalist trend that began with the Swadeshi movement. The Naxalites’ use of armed struggle to achieve their goals has been a significant feature of their movement.
    • Anti-Citizenship Amendment Act Protests: The recent protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) have seen the emergence of militant nationalist sentiment, with many protesters calling for the use of violence and armed struggle to defend Indian sovereignty.

    Analysis:

    • Impact on Indian Politics: The Partition of Bengal and the subsequent Swadeshi movement had a significant impact on Indian politics, leading to the rise of militant nationalism and the emergence of new forms of political activism.
    • Continuity with Past: The Swadeshi movement’s emphasis on self-reliance and self-sufficiency has had a lasting impact on Indian politics, with many contemporary movements drawing on this legacy.
    • Challenges Ahead: The ongoing challenges facing India, including issues related to identity, unity, and sovereignty, will continue to shape the trajectory of militant nationalism in India.
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Nyla Agarwal
  • 1
Nyla AgarwalBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
  • 1

Examine the elements that contributed to the radicalization of the nationalist movement and the formation of militant and revolutionary factions.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Shekhar jaat
    Shekhar jaat Begginer

    Factors Leading to the Radicalization of the Nationalist Movement The nationalist movement in India underwent a significant transformation in the early 20th century, marked by the emergence of militant and revolutionary strands. This radicalization was influenced by several factors, including: BritiRead more

    Factors Leading to the Radicalization of the Nationalist Movement

    The nationalist movement in India underwent a significant transformation in the early 20th century, marked by the emergence of militant and revolutionary strands. This radicalization was influenced by several factors, including:

    British Colonial Policies and Repression

    • Raj Dharma: The British colonial government’s emphasis on maintaining law and order (Raj Dharma) led to increased repression and brutality against Indians, fueling resentment and anger.
    • Rowlatt Act: The Rowlatt Act (1919) suspended civil liberties, allowing for mass arrests and detention without trial. This led to widespread protests and disillusionment with the British system.
    • Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919) in which British forces killed hundreds of unarmed civilians, further eroded trust and led to increased militancy.

    Economic Discontent and Inequality

    • Economic Inequality: The British colonial economy was based on exploitation, with Indian resources being extracted for British benefit. This led to widespread poverty, inequality, and economic discontent.
    • Industrialization: The introduction of industrialization in India led to the displacement of traditional artisans and workers, creating social unrest and economic discontent.

    Ideological Influences and Propaganda

    • Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement: Mahatma Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) emphasized the importance of non-violent resistance and civil disobedience. This inspired a new wave of activism and radicalization.
    • Communist Influence: The spread of communism in India, particularly among the working class and peasants, influenced the nationalist movement’s shift towards more radical and revolutionary ideologies.
    • Nationalist Propaganda: Newspapers like Kesari (Tilak’s newspaper) and The Arya (Aurobindo’s magazine) played a crucial role in spreading nationalist propaganda and mobilizing public support for the movement.

    Leadership and Organization

    • Radical Leaders: Leaders like Tilak, Aurobindo, and Bhagat Singh were influential in shaping the militant and revolutionary strands of the nationalist movement.
    • Organizational Structure: The establishment of organizations like the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) provided a framework for coordination and planning among militant nationalists.

    Recent Examples:

    • Naxalite Movement: The Naxalite movement, which emerged in the 1960s, is a contemporary example of radicalized nationalism. The movement seeks to overthrow the Indian state and establish a socialist society.
    • Maoist Influence: The influence of Maoist ideology can be seen in the Naxalite movement’s emphasis on armed struggle and rural rebellion.
    • Cyber Activism: The rise of social media has enabled new forms of activism, including online campaigns and digital protests. This has allowed radicalized nationalist groups to reach wider audiences and mobilize support.
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Jayant Gaikwad
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Jayant GaikwadBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
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Evaluate the relevance of provinces achieving self-government and the ensuing influence on nationalist ambitions.

upsc: growth nationalism india (1858-1905)
  1. Shekhar jaat
    Shekhar jaat Begginer

    The Significance of Attaining Self-Government in the Provinces The attainment of self-government in the provinces was a crucial step in the Indian nationalist movement. It marked a significant shift towards decentralization and autonomy, which had a profound impact on the nationalist aspirations ofRead more

    The Significance of Attaining Self-Government in the Provinces

    The attainment of self-government in the provinces was a crucial step in the Indian nationalist movement. It marked a significant shift towards decentralization and autonomy, which had a profound impact on the nationalist aspirations of the Indian people.

    Key Points:

    • Decentralization and Autonomy: The attainment of self-government in the provinces allowed for greater decentralization and autonomy, enabling the provinces to govern themselves to a certain extent.
    • Increased Representation: The Indian Councils Act of 1909 and the Government of India Act of 1915 introduced more representation in the provincial governments, giving Indians a greater say in the administration of their own affairs.
    • Growing Nationalist Sentiment: The increased participation of Indians in provincial governance led to a growing sense of nationalism and pride among the people.
    • Economic Development: The provincial governments were able to implement policies that benefited their local economies, such as the development of agriculture, industry, and infrastructure.

    Consequent Impact on Nationalist Aspirations:

    • Boost to Nationalist Movement: The attainment of self-government in the provinces gave a significant boost to the nationalist movement, as it demonstrated that Indians were capable of governing themselves.
    • Growing Confidence: The increased participation of Indians in provincial governance led to growing confidence among the people, which further strengthened the nationalist movement.
    • Nationalist Leadership: The provincial governments provided a platform for nationalist leaders to emerge and demonstrate their skills and abilities.

    Recent Examples:

    • Tamil Nadu’s Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory Commission (TNERC): Established in 1998, TNERC is an independent regulatory body that has been instrumental in promoting transparency and accountability in the power sector.
    • Kerala’s Left Democratic Front (LDF): Elected in 2016, the LDF government has been committed to implementing progressive policies, such as universal healthcare and free education.
    • Uttar Pradesh’s Samajwadi Party (SP) Government: Elected in 2012, the SP government implemented several populist measures, including the distribution of free laptops and smartphones.
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Jayant Gaikwad
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Jayant GaikwadBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
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In the violent struggle against colonial rule, talk about the role played by revolutionary groups like the Anushilan Samiti and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Shekhar jaat
    Shekhar jaat Begginer
    This answer was edited.

    Role of Revolutionary Organizations in Armed Struggle The Indian freedom movement witnessed the rise of several revolutionary organizations that played a crucial role in the armed struggle against colonial rule. Two prominent examples are the Anushilan Samiti and the Hindustan Socialist Republican ARead more

    Role of Revolutionary Organizations in Armed Struggle

    The Indian freedom movement witnessed the rise of several revolutionary organizations that played a crucial role in the armed struggle against colonial rule.

    Two prominent examples are the Anushilan Samiti and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).

    Anushilan Samiti:

    Established in 1906 by Barindra Kumar Ghosh, the Anushilan Samiti was a revolutionary organization that aimed to overthrow British colonial rule through armed struggle. The organization was responsible for several notable acts of terrorism, including the assassination of Sir Andrew Fraser, a British governor, and the murder of British officials and planters. The Samiti’s ideology was influenced by the teachings of Swami Vivekananda and the writings of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

    Key Points:

    • Radical Ideology: The Anushilan Samiti was characterized by its radical ideology, which emphasized the use of violence and terrorism to achieve independence.
    • Notable Members: The organization had several notable members, including Bhupendra Nath Datta, who was a key figure in the movement.
    • Armed Activities: The Samiti was involved in several armed activities, including assassinations and bombings.

    Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA):

    Founded in 1928 by Chandrasekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh, the HSRA was a revolutionary organization that aimed to overthrow British colonial rule through armed struggle. The organization was responsible for several notable acts of terrorism, including the assassination of British officials and the bombing of government buildings.

    Key Points:

    • Radical Ideology: The HSRA was characterized by its radical ideology, which emphasized the need for revolution and violence to achieve independence.
    • Notable Members: The organization had several notable members, including Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev, who were executed for their involvement in revolutionary activities.
    • Armed Activities: The HSRA was involved in several armed activities, including assassinations and bombings.

    Recent Examples:

    In recent years, there have been several instances of militant activism in India, often linked to separatist movements or demands for greater autonomy. For example:

    • Naxalite Movement: The Naxalite movement, which originated in the 1960s, has continued to evolve over the years, with groups like the Communist Party of India (Maoist) engaging in armed struggle against the government.
    • Kashmir Insurgency: The Kashmir insurgency has seen several instances of militant activity, including attacks on security forces and civilians.

    Key Points:

    • Continuing Legacy: The legacy of revolutionary organizations like the Anushilan Samiti and HSRA continues to influence militant activism in India.
    • Complex Issues: The causes of militant activism are often complex and multifaceted, involving issues like poverty, inequality, and political marginalization.
    • Government Response: The government’s response to militant activism has often been characterized by a mix of military action and attempts at dialogue and reconciliation.
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Jayant Gaikwad
  • 1
Jayant GaikwadBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 1

Examine how the Home Rule Movement and the Morley-Minto Reforms influenced the political environment and the nationalist reaction.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Shekhar jaat
    Shekhar jaat Begginer

    Significance of the Morley-Minto Reforms: The Morley-Minto Reforms, introduced in 1909, aimed to address the growing nationalist movement in India by making some concessions to the Indian people. The reforms were significant because they: Introduced the concept of separate electorates: The reforms iRead more

    Significance of the Morley-Minto Reforms:

    The Morley-Minto Reforms, introduced in 1909, aimed to address the growing nationalist movement in India by making some concessions to the Indian people. The reforms were significant because they:

    • Introduced the concept of separate electorates: The reforms introduced separate electorates for Muslims, which led to the creation of a Muslim minority community that was distinct from the rest of Indian society.
    • Expanded the franchise: The reforms expanded the franchise, allowing more Indians to participate in the electoral process.
    • Created a new system of provincial government: The reforms created a new system of provincial government, giving more autonomy to Indian provinces.

    Impact on Nationalist Movement:

    The Morley-Minto Reforms had a significant impact on the nationalist movement:

    • Increased nationalist sentiment: The reforms increased nationalist sentiment, as Indians felt that they were not being treated as equals by the British government.
    • Growing discontent among moderates: The reforms created growing discontent among moderates, who felt that the British government was not making sufficient concessions to India.
    • Rise of extremism: The reforms led to the rise of extremism, as some Indians began to question the morality of non-cooperation and turned to more radical methods.

    The Home Rule Movement:

    The Home Rule Movement, led by Tilak and Annie Besant, emerged in response to the Morley-Minto Reforms. The movement aimed to:

    • Demand complete self-government: The movement demanded complete self-government for India, rather than just limited autonomy.
    • Conduct mass mobilization: The movement conducted mass mobilization, using various forms of protest and demonstration to put pressure on the British government.

    Key Points:

    • The Morley-Minto Reforms marked a significant turning point in Indian history: The reforms introduced new concepts and systems that had far-reaching implications for Indian politics and society.
    • The Home Rule Movement was a response to the Morley-Minto Reforms: The movement emerged as a result of the growing discontent among Indians with the British government’s treatment of India.
    • The Home Rule Movement marked a shift towards more radical methods: The movement marked a shift towards more radical methods, as some Indians began to question the morality of non-cooperation and turned to more extreme methods.
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