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British Policies in India
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I feel like Reservation should be based on financial condition and not caste based. What are thoughts on these?
As serve as a social justice measure, the concept of Indian reservation system was introduced to provide justice to the historical injustices affected the SCs, STs and OBCs. The concept was to empower such communities lac k of formal education, employment, and political voice, in some countries forRead more
As serve as a social justice measure, the concept of Indian reservation system was introduced to provide justice to the historical injustices affected the SCs, STs and OBCs. The concept was to empower such communities lac k of formal education, employment, and political voice, in some countries for centuries, and give them a chance to level up socio-economic differences.
As much as everyone appreciated the idea in the beginning, in the later decades critics like me have realized that actually this reservation policy does not help the needy ones only in the castes. More often than not, even such non-aboriginal individuals who are considered economically deprived are locked out of these privileges. This raises a valid question: should reservation be initialized to hue out the disparity in financial terms rather than caste only? Historical Context: 1. Colonial Era and Inequity:
The caste system made unfair practicing in Indian society so severe that it totally deprived the rights and opportunities from lower castes.
2. Post-Independence Vision:
Reservation was adopted as a measure that was to be a temporary solution to a longstanding problem of discrimination of the indigenous people for several centuries.
Why Use the Concept of Economic Criteria?
1. Modern Realities:
Some of the members of the reserved categories have achievement of economic as well as social class. On the other hand, economically poor members from the so-called upper castes are barred.
2. Promoting Equality:
Reservation on grounds of economic consideration will ensure that the benefits accruing out of reservation will reach the needy, regardless of the caste system prevalent.
3. Encouraging Social Cohesion:
It is also evidenced that financial criteria often result in decreased tension and sense of injustice because of caste-based reservation.
Balancing the Approach:
The government must go for an integrated policy where the policy of affirming caste is vital based on historical injustice and in turn, the financial criterion as the basis to feed the economically delayed sections in every caste. While it will afford equity, the purpose of social upliftment will be achieved.
See lessHow has the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) transformed the Indian tax system and its impact on federal-state relations?
The introduction of Goods and Services Tax on 1 st of July 2017 has introduced a major shift in the taxation structure of India as it has consolidated indirect taxes from multi structure. This revised the whole of the taxing system and provided a new meaning to the federal structure and state. EffecRead more
The introduction of Goods and Services Tax on 1 st of July 2017 has introduced a major shift in the taxation structure of India as it has consolidated indirect taxes from multi structure. This revised the whole of the taxing system and provided a new meaning to the federal structure and state. Effect on Tax System:
1. It make tax structure becomes simple.
– GST, in fact, replaced all the related structures of indirect taxes in version of Value Added Tax (VAT), Excise Duty and Service Tax and thereby did away with tax cascading.
2. Ease of doing business: The removal of all hassles of inter-state trade is provided for by a uniformity in taxation to make interstate smooth and enhance the efficiency of business in general.
3. Revenue increased transparency:
The GST regime besides encouraging digitized filings and input tax credit mechanisms discourages tax evasion. 4. Broader Tax Base:
This implementation of GST made the so called legitimate businesses to come under the tax bracket thus enhancing the collection of revenue. Impact on Federal-State Relations:
1. Cooperative Federalism:
The GST Council has representatives of the Centre and the states to ensure that tax rate and policies decisions mostly are arrived through consultations. 2. Revenue Issues:
Centre no doubt compensated for revenue losses which states incurred during first few years of GST,but not all of them. 3. Fiscal Autonomy Issues:
And finally, states had to lose some of their taxation powers that led to debates on lose of more revenue powers.
Conclusion:
While GST has aimed at bringing about efficiency in Indian Tax system, inclusiveness, transparency, integrity besides bringing balance in Centre-state revenue share, it has brought out issues related to vertical balance in Centre-state relations, the role of cooperative federalism emerged as critical.
See lessWhat are the major challenges and successes of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) in providing employment and improving rural livelihoods?
The integration of NREGA in the Rural Economy –The Success and the Challenges The legal measure is the NREGA that was passed in 2005 to offer at least 100 days of wage employment every year for rural households. However it has yielded positive results especially to rural people and it also has challRead more
The integration of NREGA in the Rural Economy –The Success and the Challenges
The legal measure is the NREGA that was passed in 2005 to offer at least 100 days of wage employment every year for rural households. However it has yielded positive results especially to rural people and it also has challenges.
Major Successes:
1. Employment Generation:
It has opened a source of income for millions of people and women, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribs who are considered socially inferior in India.
2. Reducing Rural Distress: –
– NREGA has provided remedy to rural poverty and migration by giving employment nearer to the place.
3. Asset Creation:
Commissioned works like water conservation, irrigation canals, roads etc have built up physically as well as productivity improvement of rural areas.
4. Women Empowerment:
It has provided the women of this country with economic opportunity and social status as more than fifty per cent participation is of women.
Main Challenges:
1. Delayed Payment of Wages:
Employers also take time to pay the wages that is questionable for the whole concept.
2. Corruption and Mismanagement:
Challenges like ghost beneficiaries, fake job cards and fund embezzlement are some of the benchmarks which hinder the right implementation.
3. Inadequate Work Distribution:
– Some states actually offer less than the expected 100 days of work to contractors which leads to underemployment.
4. Lack of Awareness:
Many of them have no clue as to what the Act enshrines for their benefits.
Conclusion:
See lessDespite the increased employment and developments in rural physical infrastructures required by NREGA, the Act still requires challenges like corruption, payment delays, and lack of awareness so that the Act would not need them in future.
In the age of political turmoil where art and culture becomes the tool to be weaponised, how can we preserve our collective art and culture?
In the times of political turbulence, both unity and the division has taken place through strong instruments of art and culture. In order to safeguard our commong art and culture we need to: Foster Dialogue: We have to figure out the healthy and well mannered discussions of different points of viewRead more
In the times of political turbulence, both unity and the division has taken place through strong instruments of art and culture. In order to safeguard our commong art and culture we need to:
Foster Dialogue: We have to figure out the healthy and well mannered discussions of different points of view that are existing in the same society.
It is understanding and so we reduce the chance while also foster positive intent that art won’t be used to vilify fellow human beings.
Foster Pluralism in Culture: Cultivate and recognise the various forms culture take place, knowing that art Culture is an eclectic framework.
Cultural Protectionism
Harden Protectionist : Strong legal protections to thwart vandalism or destruction of cultural landmarks and artifacts
Ally with efforts to preserve and restore cultural heritage sites
Stance: Advocate for global collaboration in order to prevent the illicit trade of cultural artifacts
Support Independent Artists:
Give theaters, galleries and independent artists a place to create without censorship (or they would be driven to the square).
Provide financial and logistical roleplay support for the arts and culture.
Education and Awareness:
…increase cultural understanding of cultural diversity and threats posed by exploitation & vandalism;
-Develop critical thinking and media literacy in order to differentiate real cultural expression from the weaponized form.
International Cooperation
See less– Strengthen international cooperation for the protection of cultural heritage in order that cultural heritage be promoted even in times war
America stands to be the best example of a federation. Discuss any four points of its federal structure briefly.
America: A Model Federation The United States is frequently identified with the federal form of government, particularly when comparing us to other nations structurally better aligned with the federal system—power shared between federal, and state governments. The constitution states very specificalRead more
America: A Model Federation
The United States is frequently identified with the federal form of government, particularly when comparing us to other nations structurally better aligned with the federal system—power shared between federal, and state governments. The constitution states very specifically how federation should be constructed in its provisions.
Important Characteristics of Dual Federal System in America
1. Powers divided :
The federal and state have their own powers explicitly known under constitution.
The federal government handles defense, foreign policy and currency; there is no standardized approach for everything else like so many local affairs—education and law enforcement are kept by the state governments.
2. Writ Constitution:
U.S. Constitution is a written document that specify what powers are given and responsibilities to both the federal and state governments.
This is the master statute which standardises between states.
3. Independent Judiciary:
See less– The Supreme Court is the protector of the Constitution as well as adjudicator of conflict between the level of government. It is the judicial authority.
3. Equal Representation of States:
And The Senate: admits that all of the states are equally represented. Having no regard to population, as each state gets two senators
– It gives lower populated states a say in federal matters.
Does the Indian budget system contribute to or help in preventing corruption? Analyze how budget allocation and financial oversight impact corruption levels in India ?
How the Budget System Can Contribute to Corruption: Opacity and Lack of Transparency: Complex Budgetary Processes: Beneath the apparently clear and rational system, budgeting may involve a number of susceptible and unclear steps, with little public participation/transparency. This lack of transparenRead more
How the Budget System Can Contribute to Corruption:
Opacity and Lack of Transparency:
Complex Budgetary Processes: Beneath the apparently clear and rational system, budgeting may involve a number of susceptible and unclear steps, with little public participation/transparency. This lack of transparency can create opportunities for corruption, such as:
Misallocation of Funds: Money can be embezzled to give it or use it for other purposes in the best interest of some people.
Inflated Costs: Tenders and contracts can be obtained at exorbitant prices for the award givers and the real prices are paid by the officials in cash difference.
Kickbacks and Bribery: Corruption through bribery and kickbacks ensures that the particular agency is able to receive funds, convenience for budgeting and approving projects.
Limited Public Participation:
Lack of Citizen Input: Deficit participation in the process of formulating its budget leads to lack of accountability and can also leads to the practice of corruption.
Lack of Public Awareness: The public cannot know where their money is being used, or when and where corruption is taking place if they are not informed about the budget.
Weak Oversight Mechanisms:
Inadequate Audits: It means that weak auditing systems may not be able to pick and check cases of corruption hence making them go unreported.
Limited Accountability: Misconduct is likely to be fostered whenever there are no precautions against officials employing public funds for unauthorised purposes.
How the Budget System Can Help Prevent Corruption:
Transparency and Accountability:
Open Budget Initiatives: Budgeting for and with citizens, engagement of citizens in budgetary processes, online access to budgetary paperwork, and citizen feedback forums can help reduce corruption in budget processes.
Independent Audits: Internal auditing is very useful in financial reporting irregularities since the auditing work is done by independent agencies.
Technology-Enabled Solutions:
Digitalization: E-governance of the budget, wherein people use technology to manage their budget such as through control panels, is a better way of managing budgets since it specially eliminates the mechanisms for manual alteration.
Strengthening Institutions:
Independent Regulatory Bodies: Improvement of the functions of independent regulatory agencies might improve the monitoring and implementation of budgetary laws and policies.
See lessCivil Society Engagement: This paper finds that active Civil Society Organization engagement in budget monitoring and advocacy can contribute to the identification and mitigation of corruption risks.
Overcoming Barriers to Online Education in Rural Areas
1. Securing Connectivity Infrastructure Broadband penetration-There is need for extend broadband to rural areas. This can be done by: Fiber optic cables: Fiber optic networks to be laid down to provide access to high speed internet connection to all the remote areas in the country. Public Wi-Fi hubsRead more
1. Securing Connectivity Infrastructure
Broadband penetration-There is need for extend broadband to rural areas. This can be done by:
Fiber optic cables: Fiber optic networks to be laid down to provide access to high speed internet connection to all the remote areas in the country.
Public Wi-Fi hubs: Setting up nodes of public internet accessibility in churches, schools, libraries and other public places so as to enable students be connected to the internet.
2. Enhancing Technology Access
These will include: A list of subsidized devices for the low-income families residing in rural regions include laptops, tablets and Ericsson smartphones that are sold at subsidized costs while the cheap data plans include the school data.
This can be information literacy involving computer literacy and learning resources; online learning resources; and online learning mediums.
These are community based learning centers equipped with computers and internet connection whereby the student would use to access material online, with the support of the teacher and volunteers.
-One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) Initiatives: Furthering of the examples such as OLPC, where students are given laptops and education software, and many others.
3. Optimisation of the solution of online learning
Development of Offline learning materials: Besides hard copies, learning material in CDs and DVDs; offline mode of learning web-sites so that in case internet is not working properly, the students have this option.
Use Community Radio and Television: How you will reach the target community is by using the radio and television stations to pass information and give guidelines on how to embark on online lessons.
Teacher Training on Online Pedagogy: Assisting teachers with how to teach online classes which include understanding and implementing online platforms, development of online effective content and participating in the management of online students.
4. Students – equity and teacher-student relations
-Equitable Access: Socio-economic differences; they include: No one is disadvantaged as all students can access the e-learning resources and support.
-Gender and Disability: Service learning to address the needs of girls and learners with disability in issues of access and use of online learning.
5. Government Initiatives and Partnerships
Public-Private Partnerships: An initiative of forging linkages with private sector partner companies for the provisioning of affordable internet access and technology solution for rural communities.
-Government Subsidies and Incentives: to incentivize all telecom companies and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to take their services to rural areas.
See lessOvercoming Barriers to Online Education in Rural Areas
1. Securing Connectivity Infrastructure Broadband penetration-There is need for extend broadband to rural areas. This can be done by: Fiber optic cables: Fiber optic networks to be laid down to provide access to high speed internet connection to all the remote areas in the country. Public Wi-Fi hubsRead more
1. Securing Connectivity Infrastructure
Broadband penetration-There is need for extend broadband to rural areas. This can be done by:
Fiber optic cables: Fiber optic networks to be laid down to provide access to high speed internet connection to all the remote areas in the country.
Public Wi-Fi hubs: Setting up nodes of public internet accessibility in churches, schools, libraries and other public places so as to enable students be connected to the internet.
2. Enhancing Technology Access
These will include: A list of subsidized devices for the low-income families residing in rural regions include laptops, tablets and Ericsson smartphones that are sold at subsidized costs while the cheap data plans include the school data.
This can be information literacy involving computer literacy and learning resources; online learning resources; and online learning mediums.
These are community based learning centers equipped with computers and internet connection whereby the student would use to access material online, with the support of the teacher and volunteers.
-One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) Initiatives: Furthering of the examples such as OLPC, where students are given laptops and education software, and many others.
3. Optimisation of the solution of online learning
Development of Offline learning materials: Besides hard copies, learning material in CDs and DVDs; offline mode of learning web-sites so that in case internet is not working properly, the students have this option.
Use Community Radio and Television: How you will reach the target community is by using the radio and television stations to pass information and give guidelines on how to embark on online lessons.
Teacher Training on Online Pedagogy: Assisting teachers with how to teach online classes which include understanding and implementing online platforms, development of online effective content and participating in the management of online students.
4. Students – equity and teacher-student relations
-Equitable Access: Socio-economic differences; they include: No one is disadvantaged as all students can access the e-learning resources and support.
-Gender and Disability: Service learning to address the needs of girls and learners with disability in issues of access and use of online learning.
5. Government Initiatives and Partnerships
Public-Private Partnerships: An initiative of forging linkages with private sector partner companies for the provisioning of affordable internet access and technology solution for rural communities.
-Government Subsidies and Incentives: to incentivize all telecom companies and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to take their services to rural areas.
See lessWhy do many talented Indians, including those who have risen to leadership roles in major tech companies like FAANG, choose to leave India? Do systemic issues such as corruption and inadequate infrastructure, which fail to reflect the contributions of middle-class taxpayers, along with the impact of the reservation system, contribute to this trend?
Factors driving skilled Indian emigration: -Better Compensation and Work-Life Balance: Estimations are that decentralized salaries, benefits, and work life favorable environment retain the best to the developed countries. -Access to Innovative and Technology Access: Innovate and the discoverers are,Read more
Factors driving skilled Indian emigration:
-Better Compensation and Work-Life Balance: Estimations are that decentralized salaries, benefits, and work life favorable environment retain the best to the developed countries.
-Access to Innovative and Technology Access: Innovate and the discoverers are, by and large, located in the developed countries; those may have produced cutting-edge technology. That opportunity does not come at the flick of the switch in India, neither does it happen automatically.
Quality of life: These kinds of aspects related to better infra, healthcare, better education facilities and safety pulls most of them back from immigration from their respective states.
Systemic Issues End
-Corruption: Corruption at all levels forms business and individual irritating contexts. This affects efficiency, introduces delays in cost and transparency issues, reduces entrepreneurship and innovation.
-Poor Infrastructure: Lack of infrastructure to the extent of erratic electricity supply, poor transport networks, poor education and health provision impacts almost every aspect of quality life and can slow economic development beyond imagination.
-Reservation System: Because of its capacity to bring about reverse discrimination and the meritocracy problem, the system that is currently in place is criticized although it was initially set to try to correct past perceptions. This just leaves those from more impoverished sections in the general category feeling that things are not really just and fairly treated.
The following are necessary to address these issues and keep the best brains in India:
-Good governance: The common goal in the model is to fight corruption, decrease bureaucracy, and attain merit-based environments.
See less-Invest in infrastructure: Upgrade and enhance transport, power and communication networks in order to increase the investment friendliness of the region.
-Reforming the education system: The second, concerns of improvement of quality education and skill as to produce a workforce that meets international standards.
-Strengthening social safety nets: Accessibility to good quality health care, financial and medical facilities for social security to ensure all the citizens have a quality life.
– Reservation system concerns: There should be a fair and effective depuration of the reservation policies and adjust to the complaints that come from any part of society.
Has the implementation of GST (Goods and Service Tax) in India affected the administrative efficiency and revenue collection in the country? If yes, how? If no, what are the challenges in it's path?
GST in India: Overview and Impact The Goods and Services Tax (GST), launched on the first of July 2017 is one composite tax that has replaced several indirect taxes. The major aim of implementing the GST of the central government is to minimize the tax on tax or ‘The Tax on Tax’ concept and have cenRead more
GST in India: Overview and Impact
The Goods and Services Tax (GST), launched on the first of July 2017 is one composite tax that has replaced several indirect taxes. The major aim of implementing the GST of the central government is to minimize the tax on tax or ‘The Tax on Tax’ concept and have centralisation of taxation system that means ‘One Nation, One Tax’.
Administrative Efficiency
GST improved the administrativeness by consolidating different taxes into one architecture. The GST Network services through which businessmen and women can register themselves online and file their tax returns, has made compliances simple and reduced the problem of bureaucratic red-tapism. Taking this into more details, the government of India has introduced a new mechanism known as e-way bill mechanism that has eased the movement of good across states.
The mechanism of input tax credit removed the problem of the cascading nature of taxes and alleviated the effective tax rate borne by businesses and also enhanced compliance.
The effect on sustainable revenue streams has been positive. GST improved the growth of the unorganized sector by including them into the tax regime to eliminate tax evasion through the application of technology. Still, at first, states faced a decline in their revenues, but such a deficit was covered by the central authorities.
The following is an analysis of some of the challenges that erupt when implementing GST.
Although improvements have been made, GST still faces many problems:
1. Complex Compliance: The dynamic environment and the complex and multiple tax slabs add to the confusion.
2. Technological Gaffes: There are times that GST portal provides and displays errors when traffic is heavily congested.
3. Delayed Refund: The exporting businesses experience long delays with regard to their refund.
4. Tax Avoidance: frauds and other bogus bills
Future Future Prospects and Recommendations
– Simplify compliance issue by decreasing the GST Rates.
B) Enhance the Capacity of GSTN in order to deal a sheer traffic of business.
Enhancing Anti-Evasion Mechanisms with the support of data analytical processing.
Investment was made on the Efficiency aspect of the Refund mechanism in order to help business
Conclusion
GST is been one of the most revolutionary changes in the taxation structure of India improving the efficiency of revenue collection. Nonetheless, its effectiveness can be optimised by addressing compliance concerns, and technology improvements, as well as improved center-state policies in goodness.
See less