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Urbanization & Associated Issues
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Overtourism, what are the causes, consequences and solution for this?
Causes of Overtourism Increased Accessibility: Low-cost airlines and improved transportation make travel affordable and widespread. Social Media and Marketing: Heightened destination popularity through social media and aggressive marketing. Economic Growth: More disposable income and a larger middRead more
Causes of Overtourism
Consequences of Overtourism
Solutions for Overtourism
- Visitor Caps and Reservations: Control tourist numbers.
- Promote Off-Peak Travel: Spread tourist load throughout the year.
- Develop Alternative Destinations: Distribute visitors more evenly.
- Enhance Infrastructure: Improve facilities to handle tourist influx.
- Educate Travelers: Promote responsible tourism practices.
- Stronger Regulations: Implement policies for sustainable tourism.
See lessThe basis of providing urban amenities in rural areas (PURA) is rooted in establishing connectivity. Comment.er representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness.?
Ensuring adequate representation of women in the higher judiciary is crucial for promoting diversity, equity, and inclusiveness within the legal system. To achieve this, it is essential to implement policies and practices that actively encourage and support the appointment of women to judicial positRead more
Ensuring adequate representation of women in the higher judiciary is crucial for promoting diversity, equity, and inclusiveness within the legal system. To achieve this, it is essential to implement policies and practices that actively encourage and support the appointment of women to judicial positions. This can be done through targeted recruitment efforts, mentorship programs, and initiatives to address gender bias in the selection process.
Additionally, providing training and professional development opportunities for female judges can help enhance their skills and expertise, preparing them for higher judicial roles. Creating a supportive work environment that values and respects gender diversity is also key to retaining women in the judiciary.
By increasing the representation of women in the higher judiciary, we can ensure a more balanced and inclusive decision-making process that considers a wide range of perspectives and experiences. This not only promotes gender equality but also strengthens the overall credibility and effectiveness of the judicial system.
See lessWhy are companies laying off their entire project teams?
During a recession, companies lay off employees primarily to manage costs and ensure survival. Revenue drops as consumer spending decreases, prompting businesses to reduce expenses, and labor is one of the largest costs. Layoffs help immediately cut payroll expenses and preserve cash flow, which isRead more
During a recession, companies lay off employees primarily to manage costs and ensure survival. Revenue drops as consumer spending decreases, prompting businesses to reduce expenses, and labor is one of the largest costs. Layoffs help immediately cut payroll expenses and preserve cash flow, which is crucial during economic uncertainty.
With lower demand for products and services, companies need fewer employees. Aligning the workforce with reduced demand helps maintain operational efficiency. Additionally, recessions often trigger restructuring efforts to streamline operations and eliminate redundancies, further driving layoffs.
Publicly traded companies face investor pressure to maintain profitability and protect stock prices. Layoffs signal decisive cost management, reassuring investors about the company’s financial health. For some businesses, layoffs are essential to avoid bankruptcy, ensuring they can continue operations during the downturn.
While layoffs are common, they can harm employee morale, company reputation, and long-term performance. Some companies explore alternatives like reducing executive salaries, cutting non-essential expenses, or implementing temporary furloughs to mitigate these impacts. Ultimately, layoffs are a strategic move to balance immediate cost reduction with the goal of emerging stronger post-recession.
See lessUrbanization
Urbanization in India, while indicative of development and progress, brings significant challenges: 1. **Overcrowding and Housing Shortages**: Rapid urbanization leads to overcrowded cities, resulting in inadequate housing, the proliferation of slums, and substandard living conditions. 2. **InfrastrRead more
Urbanization in India, while indicative of development and progress, brings significant challenges:
1. **Overcrowding and Housing Shortages**: Rapid urbanization leads to overcrowded cities, resulting in inadequate housing, the proliferation of slums, and substandard living conditions.
2. **Infrastructure Strain**: Existing infrastructure often struggles to accommodate the growing population, leading to traffic congestion, inadequate public transportation, and overburdened utilities like water and electricity.
3. **Environmental Degradation**: Urban expansion often comes at the cost of green spaces and biodiversity, causing pollution, poor air quality, and the urban heat island effect.
4. **Waste Management**: Increased urban populations generate more waste, challenging cities’ capacities to manage and dispose of waste sustainably.
5. **Social Inequity**: Urbanization can exacerbate social inequalities, with marginalized communities often facing the brunt of poor living conditions and lack of access to basic services.
To address these challenges, the following measures can be implemented:
1. **Sustainable Urban Planning**: Implementing comprehensive urban plans that prioritize sustainable development, including green spaces, efficient public transport, and resilient infrastructure.
2. **Affordable Housing**: Promoting affordable housing projects to reduce slum proliferation and improve living conditions.
3. **Strengthening Public Services**: Enhancing public services, such as healthcare, education, and sanitation, to keep pace with urban growth.
4. **Environmental Regulations**: Enforcing stringent environmental regulations to reduce pollution and preserve green spaces.
5. **Smart Cities Initiatives**: Leveraging technology to create smart cities that optimize resource use, improve service delivery, and enhance the quality of life for urban residents.
By adopting these measures, India can achieve sustainable urban development while mitigating the adverse effects of rapid urbanization.
See lessSafety for women in cities does not flow directly from institutional or infrastructural factors but has to be strategically produced. Examine.
In hindsight, it is true that women's safety and security in cities must be deliberately created rather than merely resulting from institutional and infrastructure issues, however it is to be bared in mind that safety needs to be actively created and managed strategically, such strategies are as folRead more
In hindsight, it is true that women’s safety and security in cities must be deliberately created rather than merely resulting from institutional and infrastructure issues, however it is to be bared in mind that safety needs to be actively created and managed strategically, such strategies are as follows;
. public awareness campaigns
. effective law enforcement
. community engagement
. urban planning
. empowerment programmes
However, it is visible that institutional and infrastructural factors play a role but they are not a guarantee of women’s safety. As any other issue in the society, we have to take into consideration on what exactly poses a threat to women’s safety and its cause, here we will visibly see that both parties, women and the community should therefore be actively involved in solution seeking.
By taking into account all these factors we can now say that women’s safety may be insured although as we can see, it can not be done merely through institutional and infrastructural development.
See lessCoastal urbanization
Managed Retreat is a coastal management strategy that involves relocating people, infrastructure, and ecosystems away from the coast to higher ground, typically in response to environmental challenges such as sea-level rise, erosion, and storm surges. The effectiveness of Managed Retreat as a strateRead more
Managed Retreat is a coastal management strategy that involves relocating people, infrastructure, and ecosystems away from the coast to higher ground, typically in response to environmental challenges such as sea-level rise, erosion, and storm surges. The effectiveness of Managed Retreat as a strategy for coastal urbanization in the face of environmental challenges and sea-level rise can be evaluated from several perspectives.
Benefits:
Challenges:
Case studies:
- The Netherlands: The Netherlands has successfully implemented Managed Retreat in several locations, including the Zuidplaspolder area, where a large-scale dike was constructed to protect the surrounding areas.
- New Orleans: After Hurricane Katrina devastated the city in 2005, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers implemented a managed retreat strategy for the Lower Ninth Ward, relocating residents to higher ground and restoring wetlands.
- Mangroves: In some mangrove-rich coastal regions, managed retreat has been used to restore natural habitats while protecting communities from storm surges and sea-level rise.
See lessHow has urbanization contributed to the emergence of new social norms and values in Indian society?
India, known for its cultural diversity, traditions, and beliefs, is undergoing a significant transformation driven by urbanization, which is the process of population migration from rural to urban areas. According to a United Nations survey, it is projected that by 2030, 40.76% of the population wiRead more
India, known for its cultural diversity, traditions, and beliefs, is undergoing a significant transformation driven by urbanization, which is the process of population migration from rural to urban areas. According to a United Nations survey, it is projected that by 2030, 40.76% of the population will inhabit urban regions. Amidst this rapid urbanization, the societal landscape is evolving, extending beyond economic growth to reshape traditional norms and values, as detailed below:
Contribution of Urbanization to the Emergence of New Social Norms and Values in Indian Society:
Urbanization in India has catalysed significant shifts in social norms, evidenced by cultural fusion, evolving gender dynamics, and increasing diversity acceptance. However, striking a balance between continuity and change will be pivotal in ensuring that the transformation propelled by urbanization results in a more inclusive, accepting, and harmonious society.
See lessWhat are the challenges faced by informal settlements and slums? Propose potential approaches to address the issue?
Such settlements do face a plethora of problems and would mention them one by one: 1.lack of proper housing and sanitation facilities. These people though get access to a roof to cover themselves but the conditions they live in are quite extreme and in a country like India with such large populationRead more
Such settlements do face a plethora of problems and would mention them one by one:
1.lack of proper housing and sanitation facilities. These people though get access to a roof to cover themselves but the conditions they live in are quite extreme and in a country like India with such large population its almost impossible to cater to the needs of such people who migrate from villages in search of jobs but find no place to live in the cities.
2.Lack of proper drinking water.similar to our first point the availability of drinking water is a very big concern and this causes them to fall ill and hence their health also depreciates.
3.On top of all this comes the excessive crime rates and the lack of educational facilities though these facilities can be thought of as a luxury as compared to the other issues they face but are important enough to be mentioned.
Regarding potential approaches to tackle this issue:
The first thing is to alert the government regarding these issues and make people understand that such issues are also important and create a channel between the sufferers and the government so that their issues can be addressed to the government.
following this the government can bring about changes in the sector of education cleanliness, sanitation and also provide them with shelter homes which are temporary with better facilities so that such people who migrate from the villages dont have to live in the slums until they find themselves eligible enough to find a house with basic amenities.Finally even we as citizens can make sure that these people can live a better life if we are vocal about such issues and send the concerned authorities to the places where the people are unable to address their issues by themselves.
See lessHighlighting the factors responsible for the formation and proliferation of slums in India, discuss the need to revamp the In-Situ Slum Redevelopment (ISSR) scheme under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban).
According to the estimates of UNESCAP, 29.4 percent of India's urban population lived in slums. This proportion is even higher in metropolitan cities like Kolkata, Mumbai etc. Factors responsible for the formation and proliferation of slums in India include: Growth rate of population (urbanization):Read more
According to the estimates of UNESCAP, 29.4 percent of India’s urban population lived in slums. This proportion is even higher in metropolitan cities like Kolkata, Mumbai etc. Factors responsible for the formation and proliferation of slums in India include: Growth rate of population (urbanization): The growth rate of the Indian population is very high and this growth rate is much higher in the urban areas because of the migration of large numbers of people from rural to urban. Poor housing planning: Lack of affordable low cost housing and poor planning by the government encourages the supply side of slums. Regional imbalances in development: Regional imbalance in development creates rural to urban migration, thus increasing the overall urban population density, which pressurizes the urban poor to move into slums. Limited access to financial resources: Slum dwellers typically inhabit marginal locations such as dumping grounds mainly due to the low purchasing power of slum dwellers in formal land markets when compared with high-income groups. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban): The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban (PMAY-U) the urban housing for all mission was designed to address the housing requirements of the Indian urban poor and slum dwellers through five programme verticals, as shown in the figure:
Need to revamp ISSR component of PM Awas Yojana (Urban) to address the issue of slums:
Lessons can be learned from the Jaga Mission (Odisha) to revamp the ISSR vertical of PMAY-U. Another is Community land trust, a long-term sustainable model focused on participatory and community-led processes, in which the land title is vested in a non-profit community trust and only improvement rights are granted to a homeowner. Thus, the land is cut out from speculative housing markets, providing the community members with long-term housing affordability, security, and community control of the neighbourhood.
See lessDefine rural-urban migration and examine its effects on the originating rural areas.
Rural-urban migration People who relocate from a rural area to an urban city, either permanently or temporarily, are said to be engaging in rural-to-urban migration. Families moving from one location to another in quest of better opportunities and a better life is referred to as migration. Basic necRead more
Rural-urban migration
People who relocate from a rural area to an urban city, either permanently or temporarily, are said to be engaging in rural-to-urban migration.
Families moving from one location to another in quest of better opportunities and a better life is referred to as migration. Basic necessities of life such as access to healthcare, education, and financial stability are frequently lacking in rural areas. However, urban areas are thought to provide a respectable standard of living and have a rich employment market.
Reasons behind rural to urban migration
Better living conditions, greater pay, and more employment opportunities are the pull factors that draw people to cities. The most frequent elements influencing this movement are:
Effects of migration on originating rural areas:
Negative effects:
Positive effects
See less