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Indian Constitution

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the land, adopted in 1950 and establishing the framework of the Indian government. It outlines the powers and responsibilities of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and can be amended through a rigorous process.

The Constitution safeguards the fundamental rights of citizens and serves as the foundation for India’s vibrant democracy, federal structure, and decentralized governance system.

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Home/Indian Polity/Indian Constitution/Page 3

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Aliza
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AlizaBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In: ,
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  1. Nistha Hansaria
    Nistha Hansaria Begginer

    The preamble to the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution was proposed by Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India. Nehru presented the draft of the Preamble to the Constituent Assembly on December 13, 1946, during its initial session. His proposal was influenced by the need to artRead more

    The preamble to the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution was proposed by Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India. Nehru presented the draft of the Preamble to the Constituent Assembly on December 13, 1946, during its initial session. His proposal was influenced by the need to articulate the fundamental values and principles that would guide the newly independent India. The Preamble was crafted to reflect the core objectives and ideals of the Indian state, including justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. It served as a declaration of the country’s commitment to democratic values and social justice. Nehru’s vision emphasized the importance of a unified and inclusive nation, setting the tone for the Constitution’s ethos. The Preamble was subsequently adopted by the Constituent Assembly, with minor amendments, on January 26, 1950, marking the commencement of the Indian Constitution.

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Prateek
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PrateekLearner
Asked: June 5, 2024In:
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What does the term “rule of law” mean to you? Describe how the Indian Constitution embodies this concept. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: features of indian constitution
  1. Debdatta Das
    Debdatta Das Begginer

    The rule of law basically means that everyone is subject to law including the government of any country and India to be precise . It is one of the  fundamental principle of  constitution of India . The emphasizes on the factors like equality before law wherein everyone including the government and tRead more

    The rule of law basically means that everyone is subject to law including the government of any country and India to be precise . It is one of the  fundamental principle of  constitution of India . The emphasizes on the factors like equality before law wherein everyone including the government and the law makers should be equal in before law , protection of individual rights wherein every individual should be equally treated before the law . Accountability of the government and the private sectors before law . The constitution of India has documented certain articles upholding the RULE OF LAW they are Article 13 and 14 which defines the doctrine pf law and guarantees of equality before law and equal protection of law . The preamble of constitution of India is also upholds it .

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Panna Lal
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Panna LalBegginer
Asked: June 29, 2024In:
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In the Kesavananda Bharati case, the struggle between the legislative and the judiciary resulted in the “fundamental structure” theory. Talk about it. What impact does the case have on Parliament’s ability to modify the Constitution? (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: features of indian constitution
  1. Kunal Shinde
    Kunal Shinde Begginer

    All democratic countries are governed by a Constitution. In the 1967 Golaknath case, India's Supreme Court ruled that Parliament couldn't amend fundamental rights. Adolf Hitler's transformation of Germany's Weimar Constitution from democratic to dictatorial is a notable example of altering a constitRead more

    All democratic countries are governed by a Constitution. In the 1967 Golaknath case, India’s Supreme Court ruled that Parliament couldn’t amend fundamental rights. Adolf Hitler’s transformation of Germany’s Weimar Constitution from democratic to dictatorial is a notable example of altering a constitution.

     

    In 1972, the Keshavananda Bharati case settled the debate on Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution. Keshavananda Bharati, chief priest at Sri Edneer Mutt in Kerala, challenged the Kerala Land Reforms Act of 1963, claiming it violated Article 26 on religious freedom. This case allowed the Supreme Court to define Parliament’s amendment authority.

     

    The Court’s ruling affirmed the Constitution’s supremacy and established the “basic structure doctrine,” which prevents amendments that alter the fundamental framework of the Constitution. This doctrine was later applied in the Minerva Mills and Waman Rao cases. The 24th and 25th Amendments of 1971 aimed to nullify the Golaknath judgment.

     

    The Keshavananda Bharati case, concluded in March 1973 by a 13-judge bench, resulted in a 7:6 decision, with Justice H.R. Khanna as the tiebreaker. Although Bharati lost, the basic structure doctrine was established. Justice A.N. Ray, who dissented, later became Chief Justice of India.

     

    The Keshavananda Bharati case was crucial in shaping Indian constitutional law, ensuring protection against potential authoritarianism.

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Thrisha Pradeep
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Thrisha PradeepBegginer
Asked: July 12, 2024In:
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question
  1. Manisha Kumari
    Manisha Kumari Learner
    This answer was edited.

    The Indian Constitution, adopted on January 26, 1950, is one of the most comprehensive and lengthy constitutions in the world. Here are some of its key features: Lengthy and Detailed: The Indian Constitution is one of the longest written constitutions of any sovereign country, containing 395 articleRead more

    The Indian Constitution, adopted on January 26, 1950, is one of the most comprehensive and lengthy constitutions in the world. Here are some of its key features:

    1. Lengthy and Detailed: The Indian Constitution is one of the longest written constitutions of any sovereign country, containing 395 articles and 12 schedules.
    2. Federal System with Unitary Bias: India follows a federal system where power is divided between the central government and the states. However, during emergencies, the Constitution provides for a unitary form of government.
    3. Parliamentary Democracy: India has a parliamentary form of government where the President is the head of state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Parliament.
    4. Fundamental Rights: The Constitution guarantees several fundamental rights to its citizens, including right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and right to constitutional remedies (Article 12 to 35).
    5. Directive Principles of State Policy: These are guidelines for the government to establish a just society in which the welfare of the people is the primary concern. Though not enforceable by courts, they are fundamental in the governance of the country (Article 36 to 51).
    6. Independent Judiciary: The Constitution establishes an independent judiciary headed by the Supreme Court. It ensures the protection of fundamental rights and acts as the guardian of the Constitution.
    7. Universal Adult Franchise: One of the most notable features is the provision of universal adult suffrage, giving every adult citizen the right to vote without any discrimination.
    8. Secularism: India is a secular state, ensuring equal treatment of all religions by the state. The Constitution mandates a separation of religion from the state.
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Ananya Patel
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Ananya Patel
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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Examine the constitutional dispute settlement procedures between the states and the Union or between the states themselves. Talk about the Supreme Court’s involvement in resolving these disputes.

upsc: features of indian constitution
  1. anjali rawat
    anjali rawat Begginer

    India has a federal system and hence it becomes important for union and state to work cooperatively. therefore, some constitutional mechanisms are  made to keep the relationship frictionless. article 245 to 293 specify the legislative , administrative and financial relations to avoid any overlappingRead more

    India has a federal system and hence it becomes important for union and state to work cooperatively. therefore, some constitutional mechanisms are  made to keep the relationship frictionless. article 245 to 293 specify the legislative , administrative and financial relations to avoid any overlapping of power. the  disputes are constitutionally solved through – inter state council under article 263 which inquires , investigate and make recommendations on the disputes between state and union or inter state, original jurisdiction of supreme court under article 131,  zonal council  and article 136 which allows the state government to move to courts for challenging the judgments of the tribunals specially in case of water disputes.

    supreme court under article 131 exercises its original jurisdiction to solve disputes directly. The dispute may be related to a law and legal rights. However the jurisdiction of supreme court can be excluded by a treaty or agreement.

    the court has exercised this power  in cases like West Bengal vs Gov of India 2017 etc.  The court can check the validity of law in terms of basic structure, violation of rights and excess of legislative competence. In doing so, court has made federal fabric of the constitution more strong.

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Sunila S Nair
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Sunila S NairBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
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Briefly explain the salient features of Indian Constitution.

  1. Thrisha Pradeep
    Thrisha Pradeep Begginer

    The constitution of  India was framed by the Constituent assembly set up under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946. The Constituent Assembly set up 13 committees for framing the constitution. On the basis of the reports of these committees, a draft of the constitution was prepared by seven member commiRead more

    The constitution of  India was framed by the Constituent assembly set up under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946. The Constituent Assembly set up 13 committees for framing the constitution. On the basis of the reports of these committees, a draft of the constitution was prepared by seven member committee under the chairmanship of Dr B.R Ambedkar.

    Salient features of Indian Constitution;

    1)The bulkiest constitution of the world- consists  of 444 articles divided into 25 parts and 12 schedules.

    2) Rigid and flexible -while some provisions of the constitution can be amended by the parliament by a simple majority,others require a two-third majority of the members of the parliament as well as majority in the state legislature.

    3) Parliamentary system of Government – at both the centre and states. In the system, prime minister and his council of  ministers are responsible for all their actions to the government.

    4) Bicameral legislature – at centre consisting of Lok Sabha and Raj Sabha.

    5)Federal system with unitary base- the Indian federal structure acquires a military character during an emergency, where the normal distribution of powers between the center and states undergoes vital changes.

    6) Fundamental rights and duties- Indian Constitution contains an elaborate list of fundamental rights and duties. Part 3 of the constitution establishes fundamental rights (article 12-35). Fundamental duties were not included in the original Constitution,these duties were added to the constitution by 42nd Amendment in 1976 and 86th Amendment in 2002.

    7) Directive Principles of state policy- these principles seek to provide a social and economic basis for democracy and establishment of the welfare state.

    8) Secular state -means that there is no state religion and state is completely detached from religious dogmas.

    9) Independent Judiciary – the constitutions provides an independent judiciary which ensures that government is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the constitution.

    10) Universal Adult Franchise – right to vote all citizens above 18 years of age without discrimination.

    11) Emergency powers- constitution vest extra ordinary powers in the President during emergencies arising out of armes rebellion or external aggression, emergency due to breakdown of constitutional machinery in state and financial emergency where credit of the country is threatened.

    12) Single Citizenship – whoever obtains the Citizenship rights of another nation instantly loses their Indian citizenship.

     

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Sreyoshi Roy Chowdhury
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Sreyoshi Roy ChowdhuryBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
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  1. Pragati Agrawal
    Pragati Agrawal Begginer

    Article 21 of the Indian Constitution is a gamut of rights as discovered by the Indian Judiciary over time. Known as the “heart or bedrock” of our Indian Constitution, Article 21 holds a great level of importance as it unfolds. Described as “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal libertRead more

    Article 21 of the Indian Constitution is a gamut of rights as discovered by the Indian Judiciary over time. Known as the “heart or bedrock” of our Indian Constitution, Article 21 holds a great level of importance as it unfolds. Described as “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law” this article is widely interpreted by the judiciary to make a protective blanket for every person against all the odds of society.

    Starting from the A.K. Gopalan Case 1950, which identifies personal liberty as merely “bodily” freedom, to the landmark Maneka Gandhi Case, which makes the right to live with dignity inclusive of A21. It stated that the P.E.B.L. must be fair and not arbitrary.

    In The Olga Tellis v.s. Bombay Municipal Corporation (1986), the court included the Right to Livelihood under the ambit of A21, protecting pavement dwellers from eviction without alternative accommodation.

    Making Right to Privacy a part of A21, through Justice R.S. Puttaswamy v.s. U.O.I 2017, the S.C. expanded the purview of A21. In the series of expansions, the Right To Education was entitled as an F.R. under A21(a) by the 86th C.A.A. through the landmark judgment in Miss Mohini Jain v.s. State Of Karnataka (1992). 

    This series of interpretations is a never-ending process, guaranteeing every person a just and dignified life.

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Aqsa Khan
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Aqsa KhanBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In:
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  1. Yamini
    Yamini Begginer

    The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976, often referred to as the "mini-Constitution," significantly altered the Indian Constitution. It was enacted during the Emergency period (1975-1977) and introduced extensive changes that impacted the balance of power between the central and state governments. One of thRead more

    The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976, often referred to as the “mini-Constitution,” significantly altered the Indian Constitution. It was enacted during the Emergency period (1975-1977) and introduced extensive changes that impacted the balance of power between the central and state governments.

    One of the most critical changes was the shift towards centralization. The amendment curtailed the powers of the states, enhancing the authority of the central government. It did so by transferring five subjects from the State List to the Concurrent List, including education, forests, and the administration of justice. This allowed the central government to legislate on these matters, thereby diminishing state autonomy.

    Furthermore, the amendment reinforced the central government’s control over state governments by empowering the President to declare a national emergency on the grounds of “internal disturbance,” a term that was later replaced with “armed rebellion” by the 44th Amendment in 1978. This provision increased the central government’s ability to impose its will on states during emergencies.

    Additionally, the amendment introduced changes that curtailed the judiciary’s power to review and invalidate laws passed by Parliament, thereby reducing judicial checks on central legislative authority.

    Overall, the 42nd Amendment Act tilted the federal balance significantly in favor of the central government, eroding the federal structure envisaged by the original Constitution.

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Soni Sharma
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Soni SharmaBegginer
Asked: July 11, 2024In: , , , , ,
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upsc: bilateral relations
  1. Anubhav Bhowmick
    Anubhav Bhowmick Begginer

    The Bhakti Movement, which emerged in medieval India between the 7th and 17th centuries, was a socio-religious reform movement emphasizing personal devotion (bhakti) to a chosen deity as the path to spiritual realization. It sought to democratize religion by advocating direct communion with the diviRead more

    The Bhakti Movement, which emerged in medieval India between the 7th and 17th centuries, was a socio-religious reform movement emphasizing personal devotion (bhakti) to a chosen deity as the path to spiritual realization. It sought to democratize religion by advocating direct communion with the divine, bypassing the intermediary role of priests and elaborate rituals. This movement cut across caste and class boundaries, attracting followers from all strata of society, including women and those traditionally marginalized.

    One of the significant contributions of the Bhakti Movement to Indian culture was its role in fostering religious tolerance and unity. By emphasizing the universal love for God and de-emphasizing doctrinal differences, it promoted harmony among different religious communities. This inclusivity helped in integrating diverse cultural elements into a shared spiritual ethos.

    Furthermore, the Bhakti Movement enriched Indian literature and music. Bhakti poets composed devotional verses in vernacular languages accessible to the common people, thereby democratizing access to religious texts. This literature not only preserved spiritual teachings but also celebrated the human experience, emotions, and moral values.

    In essence, the Bhakti Movement transcended mere religious reform; it influenced Indian culture profoundly by promoting spiritual egalitarianism, cultural synthesis, and the democratization of religious practices and literature. Its enduring legacy continues to resonate in contemporary Indian society, emphasizing the unity of all beings through love and devotion to the divine.

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Srishti Mathur (22/0178 srishty Mathur)
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Srishti Mathur (22/0178 srishty Mathur)Begginer
Asked: July 15, 2024In: ,
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  1. Vandana Jha
    Vandana Jha Begginer

    Climate change is not a spontaneous activity rather it is human generated issue. Some primary and notable activities contributing to climate change are observed noticeably in past few years. They comprise : Deforestation is one of the major causes. Clearing forest for agriculture, logging and urbanRead more

    Climate change is not a spontaneous activity rather it is human generated issue. Some primary and notable activities contributing to climate change are observed noticeably in past few years. They comprise :

    Deforestation is one of the major causes. Clearing forest for agriculture, logging and urban development reduces the number of trees which are the natural absorber of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This simultaneously a reduced the Earth’s capacity to mitigate greenhouse gas emission.

    Combustion of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas for energy production and transportation releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which is a major greenhouse gas contributes to global warming.

    Waste management plays the significant role to enhance global warming issues. Landfills and waste treatment processes release methane as organic waste decomposes. Improper waste disposal releases methane after the decomposition of organic waste. The practice of waste  disposal improperly can exacerbate methane emission and contribute to climate change.

    Industrial activities such as manufacturing, cement production, and chemical processing release greenhouse gases like methane and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere contribute majorly in climate change.

    These human activities significantly contribute in the increase of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere leading to global warming and climate change impacts such as altered weather patterns, rising sea- levels, and biodiversity loss

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