Sign Up

Have an account?

Sign In

Don't have account,

Forgot Password

Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email.


Have an account?

Sorry, you do not have permission to ask a question, You must login to ask a question.

Need An Account,

Please briefly explain why you feel this question should be reported.

Please briefly explain why you feel this answer should be reported.

Please briefly explain why you feel this user should be reported.

Search
Ask A Question

Indian Constitution

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the land, adopted in 1950 and establishing the framework of the Indian government. It outlines the powers and responsibilities of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and can be amended through a rigorous process.

The Constitution safeguards the fundamental rights of citizens and serves as the foundation for India’s vibrant democracy, federal structure, and decentralized governance system.

Share
Followers
109 Answers
345 Questions
Home/Indian Polity/Indian Constitution/Page 22

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Archana S
  • 0
Archana SBegginer
Asked: August 2, 2024In: ,
  • 0

Why didn’t Dr. Ambedkar, the father of the Indian constitution, include the word “secularism” in the constitution which he wrote? Why was it later added in 1976 as an amendment to the constitution by Indira Gandhi?

secularsovereignity
  1. Shruti Rathore
    Shruti Rathore Begginer

    Though Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the principal architect of the Constitution, he never used the term "secularism" in the original document. The reason behind this was that he believed its essence was already instilled in the working of the Constitution through various provisions that ensured freedom ofRead more

    Though Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the principal architect of the Constitution, he never used the term “secularism” in the original document. The reason behind this was that he believed its essence was already instilled in the working of the Constitution through various provisions that ensured freedom of religion and equal treatment of religions. Articles from 25 to 28 ensured freedom of religion, and the Preamble laid emphasis on justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity, which implicitly acknowledged the concept of a secular state.

    The term “secularism” was inserted into the Constitution through the 42nd Amendment under Indira Gandhi’s prime ministership in 1976. This was a broader attempt at underlining the country’s commitment to secularism and socialism at a time when the polity was getting increasingly satiated with political and social disturbances. It was reiterated in the Preamble itself, reiterating the fact that India shall remain committed to the cause of religious neutrality by treating all religions equally so that the State does not show any partiality towards any particular religion.

    See less
Gauri
  • 0
GauriBegginer
Asked: August 2, 2024In: ,
  • 0

What were the reasons behind the formation of the Sarkaria Commission? Discuss its important recommendations.

  1. RASHI JAIN
    RASHI JAIN Begginer

    The Sarkaria commission, also called "Commission on Centre- State relations" was formed by the Government in 1983 in order to improve the relations between the Centre and state in matters of power distribution and administrative measures. There were varied reasons for its formation which are as follRead more

    The Sarkaria commission, also called “Commission on Centre- State relations” was formed by the Government in 1983 in order to improve the relations between the Centre and state in matters of power distribution and administrative measures.

    There were varied reasons for its formation which are as follows: –

    1. Governance issues- Major socio-economic challenges and complications in governance required proper and streamlined measures in order to let centre and state function effectively.
    2. Federal conflict- By early 1980s, there was increased tensions and conflicts regarding federal distribution of power among state and centre leading to problems like unbalance of power, biased decision making and unequal autonomy.
    3. Political Uprisings- The political structure of India was witnessing uprising of regional political parties forming coalitions marking conflicts in centre and state decisions, thereby compromising effective administration for the welfare of the country.

    Few important recommendations given by Sarkaria commission are as follows:-

    1. Inter-state council- The commission recommended establishment of a permanent inter-state council under Article 263 of the Indian constitution for discussion of police for effective centre-state relations like regarding issues falling under List III- concurrent list in which both centre and state can give decisions.
    2. Judicial Reforms- The Sarkaria Commission suggested establishment of Central law and state law commissions to ensure proper implementation of legal reforms and ensure justice is served adequately and effectively to the grass root levels.
    3.  Article 356 as Last resort- The commission recommended that use of Article 356 (President’s rule) should be the last resort in case of any emergency. The commission suggested that a warning must precede before Article 356 is implemented in a state and a report of governor on which Article 356 is based must be factual and objective on merits.
    4. Appointment of a Governor- The commission recommended that a governor will be a non-partisan figure and will not be an agent of the centre. The commission also recommended that a person who will be appointed as a governor should not be actively involved in politics and must be barred from holding any constitutional position if he leaves his office.

    While all the recommendations of Sarkaria commission are not fully implemented yet, its report remains a significant reference on Centre-state relations.

    See less
Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 13, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define the Concept: Explain what a “living instrument” means in the context of law. Thesis Statement: State that the Constitution of India adapts to societal changes, particularly through the lens of the right to life and personal ...

upsc: features of indian constitution
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The Constitution of India serves as a "living instrument," capable of evolving with the changing norms and values of society. Article 368(1) empowers Parliament to amend the Constitution, ensuring its relevance over time. This dynamic nature is particularly evident in the eRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The Constitution of India serves as a “living instrument,” capable of evolving with the changing norms and values of society. Article 368(1) empowers Parliament to amend the Constitution, ensuring its relevance over time. This dynamic nature is particularly evident in the expanding horizons of the right to life and personal liberty.

    The Constitution as a Dynamic Document:

    Preamble and Fundamental Rights

    The Preamble was amended in 1976 to include “Secular” and “Socialist,” reinforcing the Indian state’s commitment to these values. The Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India case (1978) expanded Article 21, establishing that the right to life encompasses various rights, thus broadening its interpretation (Supreme Court of India).

    Judicial Review and Flexibility

    The Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala case (1973) affirmed the judiciary’s power to review amendments that threaten the Constitution’s basic structure. Furthermore, the 101st Amendment introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST), reflecting the Constitution’s ability to adapt to economic changes (Government of India).

    Emergency Provisions and Advisory Jurisdiction

    The 44th Amendment post-Emergency introduced safeguards against misuse of emergency powers. The President’s request for the Supreme Court’s opinion on the Bihar Assembly’s dissolution in 2004 exemplifies the dynamic relationship between the Executive and Judiciary.

    Expanding Horizons of Rights:

    Right to Privacy and Education

    The Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) vs. Union of India case (2017) recognized the right to privacy as a fundamental right. The 86th Amendment (2002) established the right to education for children aged 6 to 14, showcasing a commitment to inclusivity.

    Decriminalization of Homosexuality

    The Navtej Singh Johar vs. Union of India case (2018) decriminalized homosexuality, demonstrating adaptation to changing societal norms regarding human rights.

    Environmental and Economic Rights

    The Supreme Court in M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India (1988) recognized the right to a clean environment as part of the right to life. Additionally, the Right to Information Act (2005) empowers citizens, promoting transparency.

    Right to Die with Dignity

    In Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug vs. Union of India (2011), the court permitted passive euthanasia, marking a significant evolution in the understanding of personal liberties.

    Conclusion

    The Constitution of India exemplifies a dynamic, living document that evolves to meet the needs of a progressive society. Its expansive judicial interpretations, particularly regarding the right to life and personal liberty, ensure a dignified existence for every citizen.

    See less
Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 17, 2024In:
  • 0

Talk about the development and significance of the Indian Constitution’s “Basic structural theory.” (200 Words) [UPPSC 2022]

uppsc: features of indian constitution
  1. Keshav Bajaj
    Keshav Bajaj Begginer

    Evolution and Impact of the Basic Structure Doctrine Evolution: Introduction: The Basic Structure Doctrine was established by the Supreme Court of India in the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973). The Court, led by Chief Justice S.M. Sikri, ruled that while Parliament hasRead more

    Evolution and Impact of the Basic Structure Doctrine

    Evolution:

    1. Introduction: The Basic Structure Doctrine was established by the Supreme Court of India in the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973). The Court, led by Chief Justice S.M. Sikri, ruled that while Parliament has the power to amend the Constitution, it cannot alter the “basic structure” or fundamental framework of the Constitution.
    2. Development: The doctrine evolved to safeguard core constitutional principles from being undermined by amendments. Subsequent cases, including Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975) and Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India (1980), reinforced and clarified its scope, affirming that the basic structure includes elements like democracy, rule of law, and separation of powers.
    3. Broadening Scope: In L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India (1997) and I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu (2007), the doctrine’s application was extended to protect judicial review and federal structure, reflecting its dynamic role in constitutional jurisprudence.

    Impact:

    1. Protection of Core Values: The doctrine has been crucial in preserving essential constitutional values such as democracy, federalism, and secularism. It acts as a safeguard against potential overreach by the Parliament, ensuring that fundamental aspects of the Constitution remain intact.
    2. Judicial Review: It strengthens the judiciary’s role in reviewing constitutional amendments, balancing legislative power with constitutional permanence. For instance, in the 2019 Supreme Court judgment upholding the National Register of Citizens (NRC) process, the Court emphasized adherence to constitutional principles without compromising the basic structure.
    3. Constitutional Integrity: By preventing amendments that could alter the fundamental framework, the doctrine upholds the integrity and stability of the Constitution. This has ensured continuity and consistency in India’s constitutional governance.

    In essence, the Basic Structure Doctrine has played a pivotal role in maintaining the core values of the Indian Constitution while allowing for necessary reforms and amendments within its framework.

    See less
Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 21, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Contextual Background: Introduce the Preamble of the Indian Constitution and its significance. Thesis Statement: State that the adjectives “Sovereign,” “Socialist,” “Secular,” and “Democratic” define India’s Republic and will be evaluated for their defendability in current circumstances. Body 1. Sovereign Definition: Explain ...

upsc: features of indian constitution
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The Preamble of the Indian Constitution articulates the nation’s core values, declaring India as a "Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic." Each adjective reflects the aspirations of the founding fathers and serves as a guiding principle for the country's governanRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The Preamble of the Indian Constitution articulates the nation’s core values, declaring India as a “Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic.” Each adjective reflects the aspirations of the founding fathers and serves as a guiding principle for the country’s governance and societal framework.

    Body

    Sovereign

    Sovereignty indicates that India possesses the ultimate authority to govern itself, free from external interference. In contemporary times, India has demonstrated its sovereignty by addressing border disputes, such as the Doklam standoff with China in 2017, and asserting its authority through the abrogation of Article 370 in 2019. These actions illustrate India’s ability to maintain its sovereignty amidst regional challenges.

    Socialist

    The term “Socialist” was incorporated into the Preamble via the 42nd Amendment in 1976, signifying India’s commitment to social justice and the welfare of its citizens. Social welfare programs like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and Ayushman Bharat reflect this commitment. However, persistent issues such as income inequality and unemployment reveal the ongoing challenges in achieving true socialism.

    Secular

    Secularism in India denotes the state’s neutrality towards all religions, ensuring religious freedom. The Supreme Court’s judgment in the Ayodhya case exemplifies this commitment by balancing the interests of different religious communities. Nonetheless, rising incidents of religious intolerance and communal violence challenge the secular fabric of society, necessitating a renewed commitment to uphold secular principles.

    Democratic

    Democracy represents the principle of governance by the people, characterized by regular elections and political equality. As the world’s largest democracy, India has maintained a vibrant electoral process, as seen in recent state elections in West Bengal and Kerala. However, concerns about the erosion of democratic values and media freedom highlight the need for strengthening democratic institutions.

    Conclusion

    The adjectives attached to “Republic” in the Preamble remain defendable today, despite the challenges faced in practice. The ongoing commitment to these values demonstrates India’s resilience and dedication to upholding the principles enshrined in the Constitution, forming the foundation of its democratic ethos.

    See less
Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 21, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Brief Overview of the Coelho Case Introduce the case (I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu, 2007). Mention its significance in constitutional law. Body Section 1: Key Holdings of the Coelho Case Judgment Summary State the Supreme Court’s ruling regarding the Ninth Schedule. Emphasize ...

upsc: features of indian constitution
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu (2007) is a landmark judgment by the Supreme Court of India that significantly reinforced the doctrine of the basic structure of the Constitution and underscored the importance of judicial review. Body In the Coelho case, the Supreme CRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu (2007) is a landmark judgment by the Supreme Court of India that significantly reinforced the doctrine of the basic structure of the Constitution and underscored the importance of judicial review.

    Body

    In the Coelho case, the Supreme Court held that any law placed in the Ninth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, which was intended to protect certain laws from judicial scrutiny, is not immune from judicial review if it violates the basic structure of the Constitution. The Ninth Schedule was initially created by the First Amendment in 1951 to shield land reform laws from judicial challenges. However, its application expanded over time to include various other laws, effectively insulating them from judicial oversight.

    The judgment asserted that even if a law is placed in the Ninth Schedule, it remains subject to judicial review if it infringes upon the Constitution’s basic structure. This ruling limited Parliament’s power to insulate laws from judicial scrutiny, reaffirming that no law can contravene fundamental constitutional principles (Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu, 2007).

    Judicial review serves as a critical mechanism for the courts to evaluate the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions, ensuring compliance with fundamental rights and the rule of law. The basic structure doctrine, established in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), identifies several essential features of the Constitution that cannot be altered or removed by constitutional amendments, with judicial review being one of them.

    Conclusion

    The Coelho case highlights the vital role of judicial review as a key element of the Constitution’s basic features. By asserting the supremacy of the basic structure doctrine over the Ninth Schedule, the Supreme Court reinforced the necessity of judicial review in safeguarding constitutional values and principles against potential legislative overreach.

    See less
Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 26, 2024In:
  • 0

The preamble of the Indian Constitution embodies the spirit of Indian democracy. Describe. (125 Words) [UPPSC 2019]

uppsc: indian constitution
  1. Bani Bhat
    Bani Bhat Learner

    Philosophy of Indian Democracy in the Preamble 1. Core Values The Preamble of the Indian Constitution enshrines the core philosophy of Indian democracy. It declares India as a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic committed to justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. 2. Sovereignty aRead more

    Philosophy of Indian Democracy in the Preamble

    1. Core Values

    The Preamble of the Indian Constitution enshrines the core philosophy of Indian democracy. It declares India as a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic committed to justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.

    2. Sovereignty and Republic

    Sovereignty emphasizes India’s independence in its internal and external affairs. Republic signifies an elected head of state rather than a hereditary monarchy, as seen with the President of India.

    3. Socialism and Secularism

    Socialist reflects the commitment to reducing economic disparities, demonstrated by initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana. Secularism ensures equal treatment of all religions, evident in policies supporting religious diversity.

    4. Democratic Principles

    Democracy ensures representative governance and free elections, as seen in recent general elections that reflect the people’s will.

    In summary, the Preamble captures the essence of Indian democracy, guiding its principles and practices.

    See less
Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 27, 2024In:
  • 0

What does the term “Doctrine of Basic Structure” mean to you? Examine how significant it is to the Indian Constitution. (200 Words) [UPPSC 2019]

uppsc: indian constitutionupsc: features of indian constitution
  1. Om Gauraha
    Om Gauraha Begginer

    The doctrine of basic structure is a constitutional principle that prevents the fundamental principles of the Indian Constitution for being changed by amendments. In the Kesavananda Bharti case, for the first time this doctrine came into view in the history of Indian Constitution. In this case, theRead more

    The doctrine of basic structure is a constitutional principle that prevents the fundamental principles of the Indian Constitution for being changed by amendments. In the Kesavananda Bharti case, for the first time this doctrine came into view in the history of Indian Constitution. In this case, the Supreme Court held that the parliament has the power to ammend Constitution, including fundamental rights but, the basic structure of the Constitution could not be altered even by a constitutional ammendment.

    Additionally, the judgement also added that the parliament can only amend the constitution and have no power to rewrite.

    Following are the key elements of the doctrine of basic structure which helps to ensure that the basic structure of the constitution remains unaltered:

    • Democracy
    • Fundamental rights
    • Federalism
    • Judicial Review
    • Rule of law
    • Separation of powers

     

    See less
Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 27, 2024In:
  • 0

Analyze the Indian Constitution’s provision on the right to life. (200 Words) [UPPSC 2019]

uppsc: features of indian constitution
  1. Nisha Panwar
    Nisha Panwar Begginer

    The Constitution of India is considered as supreme law of India. This is a written document which lays down the framework demarcating fundamental basic code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of Government and its organizations and rights & duties of the citizen. The term life representsRead more

    The Constitution of India is considered as supreme law of India. This is a written document which lays down the framework demarcating fundamental basic code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of Government and its organizations and rights & duties of the citizen. The term life represents utmost importance as it is one of the most essential for human existence. Right to life is fundamental right and is one of the pivotal rights enriched in the Constitution of India. Right to life is guaranteed under Article 21 of Constitution of India stated as:

    “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.”

    It ensures that no individual can be deprived of their life or personal liberty arbitrarily. It mandates that if any such deprivation exists, it must be in accordance with the procedure established by law, which means the process must be fair, reasonable, and just.

    Article 21 includes not just the right to be alive but also the right to live with human dignity, right to privacy, right to a healthy environment, right to education, right to health, and right to fair trial. While it guarantees protection against arbitrary deprivation of life and liberty, it is not absolute. The right can be restricted under certain circumstance such as Procedure Established by Law and Public Safety and Order.

    As Concluded, the Right to Life under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution is an epitome of individual liberty and justice. It forms the basis for numerous other rights and freedoms and instils the essence of whole democratic nation.

    See less
Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 31, 2024In:
  • 0

Answer the question in maximum 15 to 20 words. This question carries 03 marks.[MPPSC 2023] Name three of the Indian Constitution’s federal aspects. 

mppsc: features of indian constitution
  1. Megha Verma
    Megha Verma Begginer

    Federalism :- In Indian Constitution refers to the way power is divided between the central government and the state governments. It's like having two levels of government that share responsibilities. Three Federal Feature of Indian constitution :- Distribution of Power:- The Indian Constitution divRead more

    Federalism :- In Indian Constitution refers to the way power is divided between the central government and the state governments. It’s like having two levels of government that share responsibilities.

    Three Federal Feature of Indian constitution :-

    1. Distribution of Power:– The Indian Constitution divides responsibilities between the central government and state governments. The central government takes care of big issues like defense and foreign affairs, while states handle local matters like schools and police. For example, during COVID -19 pandemic, the central government set national rules, but states could make their own rules based on what was happening locally.
    2. Supremacy of the constitution :- The Constitution is the highest law in India. If there’s a conflict between laws made by the central and state governments, the Constitution decides which one wins. For example, the central government had to take back some controversial farm laws after protests, showing that the Constitution and people’s voices matter.
    3. Independent Judiciary :- The judiciary, especially the Supreme Court, acts as a fair judge between the central and state governments. If there’s a disagreement, the court can step in to resolve it. For Example, during the pandemic the Supreme Court made sure both the central and state governments were doing their part to help migrant workers get the support they needed.

    These features help keep a balance of power and ensure that both levels of government work together for the people.

    See less
Load More Questions

Resources & Suggestions

Mains Answer Writing Latest Articles

On: April 18, 2025

Daily Answer Writing Practice Questions (18 April 2025)

Do you agree with the claim that indecision and risk aversion are prevalent issues in Indian bureaucracy? Support your answer with logical reasoning. (150 words) ऐसा कहा जाता है कि भारतीय नौकरशाही में अनिर्णय और जोखिम से बचने की प्रवृत्ति ...

On: April 18, 2025 Comments: 0

Strengthening India’s Cyber Defence

Rising Threats Digital Era Challenges: 2024 marks a significant rise in digital threats, particularly from AI and cyberattacks. Key Issues: Disinformation campaigns. Cyber fraud affecting daily life. Current Major Cyber Threats Ransomware Rampage: Over 48,000 instances of WannaCry ransomware detected ...

On: April 18, 2025 Comments: 0

भारत की साइबर सुरक्षा

बढ़ते खतरे कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता (AI) और साइबर हमले: 2024 में AI और साइबर हमलों के खतरे में वृद्धि। महत्वपूर्ण अवसंरचना पर हमले: डिजिटल हमलों और दुष्प्रचार अभियानों की संभावना बढ़ी है। प्रमुख साइबर खतरें रैनसमवेयर का प्रकोप: 48,000 से अधिक ...

Explore Our Blog