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Features of Indian Constitution

The Constitution of India is renowned for its comprehensive and progressive features. Key aspects include its federal structure, with a balance of power between the center and states, and a multi-party parliamentary system of governance.

The amendment process is rigorous, ensuring stability while allowing for necessary changes. Further, the Constitution mandates universal adult suffrage, guaranteeing the right to vote for all citizens.

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Home/Indian Constitution/Features of Indian Constitution/Page 4

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Ayushi Shrivastwa
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Ayushi ShrivastwaBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
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What are the challenges in transitioning to a low-carbon economy?

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  1. Abhirami
    Abhirami Begginer

    Transitioning to a low-carbon economy presents several challenges for India. Here are some key challenges identified: Administrative and Socio-economic Heterogeneities: India's diverse administrative and socio-economic landscape poses challenges in implementing uniform climate and energy policies acRead more

    Transitioning to a low-carbon economy presents several challenges for India. Here are some key challenges identified:

    1. Administrative and Socio-economic Heterogeneities: India’s diverse administrative and socio-economic landscape poses challenges in implementing uniform climate and energy policies across states and regions. The geographical distribution of costs and benefits of these policies needs to be carefully understood to ensure equitable outcomes and avoid political resistance .
    2. Political Economy Constraints: Devising politically feasible policies for the transition to a low-carbon economy requires a deep understanding of how these policies would impact different stakeholders. Concerns over disproportionate impacts on poor households, rising inequality, and concentrated costs on specific groups can undermine public support for climate policies .
    3. Technological and Infrastructural Challenges: Transitioning to clean energy technologies requires significant investments in renewable energy infrastructure, grid integration, and energy storage. Scaling up emerging technologies such as hydrogen, battery storage, and low-carbon alternatives in sectors like steel, cement, and fertilizers also poses technological and infrastructural challenges.
    4. Economic Implications: The shift to a low-carbon economy may have economic implications, particularly for sectors heavily reliant on fossil fuels. Balancing the need for economic growth and job creation with the imperative of reducing carbon emissions requires careful planning and policy interventions .
    5. Limited Evidence and Vulnerabilities: Limited evidence on the needs of those affected by the transition and existing social and economic vulnerabilities can hinder India’s ability to achieve a just and equitable low-carbon development pathway. It is crucial to identify potential transitional challenges across income groups, genders, sectors, regions, and communities to ensure an inclusive and fair transition 
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Kumudini Lakhia
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Kumudini LakhiaEnthusiast
Asked: January 24, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Contextualize the Question: Begin by explaining that the Indian Constitution is designed to balance the country’s vast diversity with the need for unity and fraternity. State the Significance: Mention how the Constitution promotes a sense of brotherhood ...

upsc: features of indian constitution
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The Indian Constitution is a dynamic document that embodies the principles of unity, equality, and fraternity. It promotes a sense of brotherhood and common identity among all citizens, transcending the diverse social, cultural, and religious backgrounds of the population.Read more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The Indian Constitution is a dynamic document that embodies the principles of unity, equality, and fraternity. It promotes a sense of brotherhood and common identity among all citizens, transcending the diverse social, cultural, and religious backgrounds of the population.

    How the Indian Constitution Promotes Brotherhood and Common Identity

    1. Preamble: Unity in Diversity
      • Provision: The Preamble declares India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.
      • Significance: This foundational statement establishes an inclusive society, promoting fraternity and unity while respecting India’s rich diversity.
    2. Fundamental Rights: Ensuring Equality
      • Provision: Articles 14 to 18 guarantee equality before the law and prohibit discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
      • Impact: These rights ensure equal treatment for all citizens, fostering a sense of unity among diverse groups by affirming their shared dignity and rights.
    3. Secularism: Respect for All Religions
      • Provision: The Constitution establishes India as a secular state, ensuring equal respect for all religions.
      • Example: This guarantees religious freedom and promotes tolerance, creating an environment where people of different faiths can coexist harmoniously.
    4. Directive Principles of State Policy: Promoting Welfare
      • Provision: Articles 36 to 51 encourage the state to promote the welfare of the people, securing social and economic justice.
      • Effect: These principles guide the government’s efforts to unite citizens by working toward the common good and ensuring equitable opportunities for all.
    5. Cultural and Educational Rights: Preserving Diversity
      • Provision: Articles 29 and 30 protect the rights of minorities to preserve their culture, language, and script.
      • Importance: By safeguarding cultural diversity, the Constitution fosters inclusion and respect, strengthening national unity.
    6. Representation of Diverse Groups
      • Provision: Reservation policies for underrepresented communities in legislatures and government jobs.
      • Outcome: These policies ensure participation from all sections of society, promoting a sense of belonging and unity across diverse communities.
    7. Language Policy: Linguistic Harmony
      • Provision: Articles 343 to 351 provide a balanced approach to language, giving Hindi a special status while respecting regional languages.
      • Effect: This policy promotes linguistic unity while respecting the country’s linguistic diversity, helping maintain national cohesion.
    8. National Symbols: Common Identity
      • Feature: National symbols like the National Flag and the National Anthem.
      • Role: These symbols serve as a unifying force, representing India’s collective identity and transcending regional and cultural differences.
    9. Judicial Decisions Upholding Unity
      • Role: Supreme Court rulings reinforce the constitutional values of unity and brotherhood.
      • Example: Decisions upholding secularism and equality strengthen the idea of a unified India, where all citizens are treated equally.
    10. Federal Structure: Unity in Governance
      • Feature: India’s federal structure balances a strong central government with autonomous states.
      • Impact: This system accommodates regional diversity while promoting national unity, reinforcing a shared identity among citizens.

    Conclusion

    The Indian Constitution successfully balances the country’s immense diversity with the necessity for unity and integrity. This sense of “unity in diversity” is not merely a constitutional ideal but a living reality, ensuring that all citizens, irrespective of their background, experience a sense of common identity and fraternity.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 21, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Brief Overview of the Coelho Case Introduce the case (I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu, 2007). Mention its significance in constitutional law. Body Section 1: Key Holdings of the Coelho Case Judgment Summary State the Supreme Court’s ruling regarding the Ninth Schedule. Emphasize ...

upsc: features of indian constitution
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu (2007) is a landmark judgment by the Supreme Court of India that significantly reinforced the doctrine of the basic structure of the Constitution and underscored the importance of judicial review. Body In the Coelho case, the Supreme CRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu (2007) is a landmark judgment by the Supreme Court of India that significantly reinforced the doctrine of the basic structure of the Constitution and underscored the importance of judicial review.

    Body

    In the Coelho case, the Supreme Court held that any law placed in the Ninth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, which was intended to protect certain laws from judicial scrutiny, is not immune from judicial review if it violates the basic structure of the Constitution. The Ninth Schedule was initially created by the First Amendment in 1951 to shield land reform laws from judicial challenges. However, its application expanded over time to include various other laws, effectively insulating them from judicial oversight.

    The judgment asserted that even if a law is placed in the Ninth Schedule, it remains subject to judicial review if it infringes upon the Constitution’s basic structure. This ruling limited Parliament’s power to insulate laws from judicial scrutiny, reaffirming that no law can contravene fundamental constitutional principles (Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu, 2007).

    Judicial review serves as a critical mechanism for the courts to evaluate the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions, ensuring compliance with fundamental rights and the rule of law. The basic structure doctrine, established in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), identifies several essential features of the Constitution that cannot be altered or removed by constitutional amendments, with judicial review being one of them.

    Conclusion

    The Coelho case highlights the vital role of judicial review as a key element of the Constitution’s basic features. By asserting the supremacy of the basic structure doctrine over the Ninth Schedule, the Supreme Court reinforced the necessity of judicial review in safeguarding constitutional values and principles against potential legislative overreach.

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Kumudini Lakhia
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Kumudini LakhiaEnthusiast
Asked: January 24, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Contextualize gender equality in the Indian Constitution: Start by briefly mentioning the importance of gender equality as a constitutional value in India. Explain that gender equality is fundamental for achieving justice and fairness in society. State the ...

upsc: features of indian constitution
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Gender equality is a cornerstone of the Indian Constitution, embodying the nation’s commitment to providing equal rights and opportunities for all genders. This commitment is reflected in multiple constitutional provisions, and has been strengthened through progressive judiRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Gender equality is a cornerstone of the Indian Constitution, embodying the nation’s commitment to providing equal rights and opportunities for all genders. This commitment is reflected in multiple constitutional provisions, and has been strengthened through progressive judicial interpretations and legal reforms.

    Significance of Gender Equality in the Indian Constitution

    1. Preamble: Equality as a Foundational Principle
      • Fact: The Preamble to the Indian Constitution emphasizes equality as a core value, asserting that all individuals, regardless of gender, are entitled to justice, liberty, and equality.
      • Significance: This foundational commitment sets the legal framework for promoting gender equality throughout the country.
    2. Article 14: The Right to Equality
      • Fact: Article 14 guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the law.
      • Example: It serves as the basis for challenging gender discrimination in courts, ensuring that laws do not unfairly disadvantage any gender.
    3. Article 15: Prohibition of Discrimination
      • Fact: Article 15(1) prohibits discrimination on the grounds of gender, while Article 15(3) allows the state to make special provisions for women and children.
      • Impact: This provision empowers the state to address historical gender-based inequalities by enacting laws and policies that promote the welfare of women and children.
    4. Article 16: Equality in Employment
      • Fact: Article 16 ensures equality of opportunity in public employment, prohibiting gender-based discrimination in recruitment, promotion, and service conditions.
      • Example: It has been used to challenge discriminatory practices in employment, ensuring equal opportunities for women in the public sector.
    5. Directive Principles of State Policy
      • Fact: Articles 39(a) and 39(d) of the Directive Principles of State Policy direct the state to ensure gender equality in livelihood and equal pay for equal work.
      • Role: While not enforceable by law, these principles have shaped policies and labor laws that promote equal pay for women and address gender-based disparities in work environments.
    6. Article 21: Right to Life and Personal Liberty
      • Fact: Article 21, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, has been interpreted by the judiciary to include the right to live with dignity, encompassing gender equality.
      • Example: It has been used to affirm women’s rights to make choices in matters of reproduction, marriage, and personal relationships.
    7. Judicial Interpretations Enhancing Gender Equality
      • Fact: Landmark judgments such as Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan established guidelines to prevent sexual harassment at the workplace.
      • Significance: These judicial rulings have expanded the scope of gender equality by addressing gaps in existing laws and creating a more inclusive legal framework.
    8. Legal Reforms Inspired by Constitutional Provisions
      • Fact: Constitutional mandates have led to the enactment of laws such as the amendment of the Hindu Succession Act, the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, and the Maternity Benefit Act.
      • Impact: These legal reforms, inspired by constitutional principles, aim to address gender inequalities and empower women in various spheres of life.

    Conclusion

    The Indian Constitution provides a solid foundation for gender equality, enshrining it as both a fundamental right and an essential element of a just and equitable society. The ongoing interpretation and implementation of these provisions continue to guide India’s journey toward a more inclusive and egalitarian society.

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Dinesh Raghavan
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Dinesh RaghavanBegginer
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Key Idea: Introduce the concept of the Indian Constitution as a “living document,” which evolves with changing times and needs of society. Points to Mention: Constitution provides a framework for governance that allows for flexibility through amendments and ...

upsc: features of indian constitution
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The Indian Constitution is often referred to as a "living document" because of its ability to adapt to the evolving needs of society. Through a combination of amendments and judicial interpretations, it has consistently reflected the changing aspirations of the people and tRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The Indian Constitution is often referred to as a “living document” because of its ability to adapt to the evolving needs of society. Through a combination of amendments and judicial interpretations, it has consistently reflected the changing aspirations of the people and the state. This flexibility is ensured by provisions in both the Legislature (Article 368) and the Judiciary (Articles 13 and 32).

    Key Amendments and Evolution

    Equitable Distribution
    Post-independence, the Constitution was amended to address economic disparities. For instance, the First Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951 inserted Article 31A, allowing the state to acquire estates for public welfare, addressing inequalities between landowners and tillers.

    Decentralization
    In 1992, the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments empowered local self-government by establishing Panchayati Raj Institutions and urban local bodies, promoting grassroots democracy and decentralization of power.

    Digitisation and Data Privacy
    With technological advancements, the Puttaswamy vs. Union of India case (2017) expanded the scope of Article 21 by recognizing the right to privacy as a fundamental right, reflecting the need for digital rights protection in governance.

    Affirmative Action
    The 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019 introduced a 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS), showing the Constitution’s adaptability in addressing new forms of inequality.

    Political Stability
    The 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1985 added the Tenth Schedule, aimed at preventing political defections, thus ensuring political stability in the country.

    Conclusion

    The Basic Structure Doctrine, established in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), ensures that while the Constitution can evolve through amendments, its core values remain intact. The Indian Constitution, through its flexible framework, continues to meet contemporary challenges, making it a dynamic and living document that resonates with the changing socio-political landscape.

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Sameer Baishya
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Sameer BaishyaBegginer
Asked: January 3, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Define secularism, emphasizing its meaning in both Western and Indian contexts. Briefly state the importance of secularism in India and introduce the Constitution as a framework reflecting these values. Definition of Secularism Explain secularism as the separation of religion from ...

upsc: features of indian constitution
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answers Defining Secularism Secularism refers to the principle of separating religion from civic affairs and the state. In the Indian context, it embodies the equal treatment of all religions without discrimination. Unlike the Western model, which advocates a strict separation of church and stRead more

    Model Answers

    Defining Secularism

    Secularism refers to the principle of separating religion from civic affairs and the state. In the Indian context, it embodies the equal treatment of all religions without discrimination. Unlike the Western model, which advocates a strict separation of church and state, Indian secularism allows for positive state intervention in religious matters, promoting a harmonious coexistence of diverse faiths.

    Reflection of Secular Values in the Indian Constitution

    1. Preamble: The Preamble establishes India as a secular republic, ensuring liberty of belief, faith, and worship for all citizens (Source: Constitution of India).
    2. Fundamental Rights:
      • Right to Equality: Article 14 guarantees equality before the law, while Article 15 prohibits discrimination based on religion.
      • Freedom of Religion: Article 25 grants individuals the right to freely profess and practice any religion. Article 26 allows religious denominations to manage their affairs, and Article 27 prevents state funding for religious promotion (Source: Articles of the Constitution).
      • Educational Rights: Article 28 prohibits religious instruction in state-maintained institutions, ensuring educational neutrality.
    3. Directive Principles of State Policy: Article 44 advocates for a Uniform Civil Code, promoting secularism in personal laws (Source: Constitution).
    4. Basic Structure Doctrine: The Supreme Court, in the Kesavananda Bharati case, affirmed that secularism is a fundamental aspect of the Constitution’s basic structure (Source: Supreme Court judgment).

    Conclusion

    The Indian Constitution intricately weaves secular values into its framework, promoting equality and freedom of belief while ensuring that all citizens coexist harmoniously.

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Sameer Baishya
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Sameer BaishyaBegginer
Asked: January 3, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Briefly define the Preamble and its purpose in the Constitution. Importance of the Preamble Philosophical Foundation Discuss how it embodies the core values of the Constitution, including justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. Mention that it reflects the basic political, moral, and ...

upsc: features of indian constitution
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Importance of the Preamble to the Indian Constitution The Preamble serves as the introduction to the Indian Constitution, summarizing its core principles and values. Based on Pandit Nehru's "Objectives Resolution," adopted on January 22, 1947, it embodies the fundamental philosophy of tRead more

    Model Answer

    Importance of the Preamble to the Indian Constitution

    The Preamble serves as the introduction to the Indian Constitution, summarizing its core principles and values. Based on Pandit Nehru’s “Objectives Resolution,” adopted on January 22, 1947, it embodies the fundamental philosophy of the Constitution.

    Key Significance

    1. Philosophical Foundation: The Preamble encapsulates the basic values—political, moral, and religious—upon which the Constitution rests.
    2. Source of Authority: It establishes that the authority of the Constitution derives from the people of India.
    3. Nature of the State: The terms “sovereign,” “socialist,” “secular,” “democratic,” and “republic” define the Indian state’s character.
    4. Objectives: It outlines the goals of the Constitution, including justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
    5. Historical Context: The Preamble marks November 26, 1949, as the date of the Constitution’s adoption and reflects the noble vision of the Constituent Assembly.

    Is the Preamble Part of the Constitution?

    Initially, in the Berubari Union case (1960), the Supreme Court did not consider the Preamble as part of the Constitution. However, the landmark Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) affirmed its integral status, stating that it is essential to Constitutional Law. This view was reiterated in the S. R. Bommai case (1994).

    Thus, the Preamble is recognized as a vital part of the Constitution, serving as its “identity card” (Source: Supreme Court rulings).

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 31, 2024In:
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Answer the question in maximum 50 words/5 to 6 lines. This question carries 05 marks. [MPPSC 2023] Write about the significance of the Indian Constitution’s Preamble.

mppsc: features of indian constitution
  1. Akhya Pandey
    Akhya Pandey Begginer

    The Indian Constitution's Preamble is of great importance, since it establishes the framework for the entire document with its core purposes and guiding principles. Serving as a synopsis of the approach toward the Constitution, it captures both the ambitions of the populace and the vision of those wRead more

    The Indian Constitution’s Preamble is of great importance, since it establishes the framework for the entire document with its core purposes and guiding principles. Serving as a synopsis of the approach toward the Constitution, it captures both the ambitions of the populace and the vision of those who founded the nation. The Preamble points out India’s independence, social welfare, secularism, and democratic governance by assuring that the country is a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic.

    Also, it sustains the principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity, which are indispensable for achieving justice and momentum among all citizens. Justice accomplish fairness within law and society, liberty assures personal freedom, equality fights against discrimination, and fraternity enhances the unity among the assorted populace.

    The Preamble is essential in supplying a framework for understanding and interpreting the Constitution. It fulfills an important function in directing the judiciary in preserving the principles of the Constitution, particularly in conflicts related to the interpretation of specified provisions. Consequently, the Preamble is more than an opening; it captures the fundamental principles and ideals directing the governance of India along with the protection of the rights belonging to its citizens.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 31, 2024In:
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Answer the question in maximum 15 to 20 words. This question carries 03 marks.[MPPSC 2023] Name three of the Indian Constitution’s federal aspects. 

mppsc: features of indian constitution
  1. Megha Verma
    Megha Verma Begginer

    Federalism :- In Indian Constitution refers to the way power is divided between the central government and the state governments. It's like having two levels of government that share responsibilities. Three Federal Feature of Indian constitution :- Distribution of Power:- The Indian Constitution divRead more

    Federalism :- In Indian Constitution refers to the way power is divided between the central government and the state governments. It’s like having two levels of government that share responsibilities.

    Three Federal Feature of Indian constitution :-

    1. Distribution of Power:– The Indian Constitution divides responsibilities between the central government and state governments. The central government takes care of big issues like defense and foreign affairs, while states handle local matters like schools and police. For example, during COVID -19 pandemic, the central government set national rules, but states could make their own rules based on what was happening locally.
    2. Supremacy of the constitution :- The Constitution is the highest law in India. If there’s a conflict between laws made by the central and state governments, the Constitution decides which one wins. For example, the central government had to take back some controversial farm laws after protests, showing that the Constitution and people’s voices matter.
    3. Independent Judiciary :- The judiciary, especially the Supreme Court, acts as a fair judge between the central and state governments. If there’s a disagreement, the court can step in to resolve it. For Example, during the pandemic the Supreme Court made sure both the central and state governments were doing their part to help migrant workers get the support they needed.

    These features help keep a balance of power and ensure that both levels of government work together for the people.

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