Sign Up

Have an account?

Sign In

Don't have account,

Forgot Password

Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email.


Have an account?

Sorry, you do not have permission to ask a question, You must login to ask a question.

Need An Account,

Please briefly explain why you feel this question should be reported.

Please briefly explain why you feel this answer should be reported.

Please briefly explain why you feel this user should be reported.

Search
Ask A Question

Federal Structure

India’s federal structure is a key feature of its constitutional framework, dividing powers between the Union government and state governments. The states have their own elected legislative assemblies, executive branches, and judicial systems, granting them significant autonomy in policy decisions.

This balanced federalism, with a system of checks and balances, ensures effective governance and accommodates the diverse needs of India’s vast and heterogeneous population.

Share
Followers
68 Answers
48 Questions
Home/Indian Polity/Federal Structure/Page 3

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Kriti Agarwal
  • 1
Kriti AgarwalBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
  • 1

Consider the extent to which the Union administration uses Article 356 (President’s Rule) and other emergency powers to control and coordinate the operations of the States. Talk about the arguments for and against using these clauses appropriately.

upsc: federal structure
  1. Sakshi Rao
    Sakshi Rao Begginer

    The role of the Union government in regulating and coordinating the functioning of the States, particularly through the use of Article 356 (President's Rule) and other emergency powers, is a complex and often debated issue in India's federal structure. Use of Article 356 (President's Rule): ArticleRead more

    The role of the Union government in regulating and coordinating the functioning of the States, particularly through the use of Article 356 (President’s Rule) and other emergency powers, is a complex and often debated issue in India’s federal structure.

    Use of Article 356 (President’s Rule):

    • Article 356 of the Indian Constitution empowers the President, on the recommendation of the Union government, to impose direct central rule (President’s Rule) over a state if the President is satisfied that the governance of the state cannot be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.
    • The Union government has invoked Article 356 several times since independence, often on the grounds of political instability, constitutional breakdown, or failure of law and order in the state.
    • The use of Article 356 has been a contentious issue, with concerns raised about the potential for misuse by the central government to dismiss state governments led by opposition parties.
    • There have been debates and judicial rulings emphasizing the need to use Article 356 sparingly and only as a last resort, with clear justification and following the due process laid out in the Constitution.

    Other Emergency Powers:

    • Beyond Article 356, the Union government also has other emergency powers under Articles 352 (National Emergency), 360 (Financial Emergency), and 359 (Suspension of Fundamental Rights) of the Constitution.
    • These powers allow the Union to exert greater control over the states during times of crisis, war, or financial distress.
    • The use of these emergency powers has also been debated, with concerns around the potential for abuse and the need to balance national interests with state autonomy.

    Debates and Suggestions:

    • The appropriate use of these constitutional provisions remains an ongoing debate, with calls for clearer guidelines, stronger checks and balances, and greater transparency in their implementation.
    • Suggestions include:
      • Limiting the use of Article 356 to only the most extreme and demonstrable cases of constitutional breakdown
      • Enhancing the role of the judiciary in reviewing the imposition of President’s Rule
      • Strengthening the federal structure by empowering states and limiting the Union’s ability to interfere in state affairs
      • Establishing clear criteria and due process for the invocation of emergency provisions

    Overall, the Union government’s ability to regulate and coordinate the functioning of states through emergency powers is a critical aspect of India’s federal structure, but one that requires a delicate balance between national interests and state autonomy, with robust safeguards against potential misuse.

    See less
Ananya Patel
  • 0
Ananya Patel
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
  • 0

Talk about the federal framework’s provisions for the autonomy of local self-government organizations like municipalities and panchayats. Examine the difficulties and arguments surrounding the transfer of authority to these organizations at the local level.

upsc: federal structure
  1. Ishaan Chopra
    Ishaan Chopra Begginer

    The autonomy of local self-government institutions, such as Panchayats and Municipalities, within India's federal framework is enshrined in the Constitution through the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments. These amendments aimed to decentralize governance and empower local bodies to promote demoRead more

    The autonomy of local self-government institutions, such as Panchayats and Municipalities, within India’s federal framework is enshrined in the Constitution through the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments. These amendments aimed to decentralize governance and empower local bodies to promote democratic participation and socio-economic development at the grassroots level. However, the devolution of powers to these institutions has faced several challenges and debates.

    Provisions for Local Self-Government Autonomy
    Panchayats (73rd Amendment Act, 1992)
    Three-Tier System:
    Village Level (Gram Panchayat), Intermediate Level (Panchayat Samiti), and District Level (Zila Parishad).
    Elections:
    Direct elections to all seats in Panchayats at all levels (Article 243C).
    Reservation of Seats:
    Reservation for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in proportion to their population.
    Reservation of one-third of seats for women (Article 243D).
    Powers and Responsibilities:
    State legislatures to endow Panchayats with the powers and authority necessary to function as institutions of self-government (Article 243G).
    Preparation of plans for economic development and social justice.
    Implementation of schemes for economic development and social justice.
    Finance:
    Constitution of State Finance Commissions to review the financial position of Panchayats and recommend measures to improve their finances (Article 243-I).
    Municipalities (74th Amendment Act, 1992)
    Three Types of Municipalities:
    Nagar Panchayat for a transitional area (rural to urban).
    Municipal Council for a smaller urban area.
    Municipal Corporation for a larger urban area (Article 243Q).
    Elections:
    Direct elections to all seats in Municipalities (Article 243R).
    Reservation of Seats:
    Reservation for SCs and STs in proportion to their population.
    Reservation of one-third of seats for women (Article 243T).
    Powers and Responsibilities:
    State legislatures to endow Municipalities with the powers and authority necessary to function as institutions of self-government (Article 243W).
    Preparation of plans for economic development and social justice.
    Implementation of schemes for economic development and social justice.
    Finance:
    Constitution of State Finance Commissions to review the financial position of Municipalities and recommend measures to improve their finances (Article 243Y).
    Challenges and Debates Surrounding Devolution of Powers
    Inadequate Devolution of Powers:

    State Control: Many states have been reluctant to devolve significant powers, functions, and resources to Panchayats and Municipalities, maintaining substantial control over these bodies.
    Unfunded Mandates: Local bodies are often assigned responsibilities without adequate financial resources, leading to ineffective functioning.
    Capacity and Training:

    Administrative Capacity: Local bodies frequently lack the administrative capacity and skilled personnel needed to effectively discharge their responsibilities.
    Training: There is a need for comprehensive training programs for elected representatives and functionaries to enhance their capabilities.
    Financial Autonomy:

    Revenue Generation: Local bodies have limited sources of revenue and rely heavily on grants from state and central governments.
    State Finance Commissions: Recommendations of State Finance Commissions are often not implemented effectively, undermining the financial autonomy of local bodies.
    Political Interference:

    Interference by State Governments: Excessive interference by state governments in the functioning of local bodies undermines their autonomy and effectiveness.
    Partisan Politics: Local governance is sometimes influenced by partisan politics, affecting the neutrality and efficiency of local institutions.
    Implementation of Plans:

    Coordination: Lack of coordination between various levels of government (central, state, and local) hampers the effective implementation of development plans and schemes.
    Monitoring and Accountability: Weak mechanisms for monitoring and accountability lead to inefficiencies and corruption.
    Inclusivity and Representation:

    Social Inclusion: Ensuring effective participation and representation of marginalized communities, including women, SCs, STs, and OBCs, remains a challenge.
    Awareness: Low levels of awareness and participation among citizens about the roles and functions of local bodies reduce their effectiveness.

    See less
Kunal Tiwari
  • 0
Kunal TiwariLearner
Asked: July 15, 2024In:
  • 0

Analyze how the Supreme Court resolves conflicts between the Union and the States and interprets the federal legal system. Evaluate how the Court has intervened to support cooperative federalism and the federal balance

upsc: federal structure
  1. Rachna Chopra
    Rachna Chopra Begginer

    Certainly, let me provide a thorough overview of the Supreme Court's role in interpreting the federal framework and its interventions in reinforcing the principles of cooperative federalism. The Supreme Court has played a pivotal role in shaping the dynamic between the federal government and the staRead more

    Certainly, let me provide a thorough overview of the Supreme Court’s role in interpreting the federal framework and its interventions in reinforcing the principles of cooperative federalism.

    The Supreme Court has played a pivotal role in shaping the dynamic between the federal government and the states through its interpretation of the Constitution. As the final arbiter of the law, the Court has been instrumental in defining the boundaries of federal and state power, and in adjudicating disputes that arise between the Union and the individual states.

    One of the key areas where the Supreme Court has intervened is in the interpretation of the Commerce Clause, which grants the federal government the power to regulate interstate commerce. Over the years, the Court’s rulings on the scope of the Commerce Clause have had a significant impact on the balance of power between the federal and state governments. For example, in cases like Wickard v. Filburn (1942) and Gonzalez v. Raich (2005), the Court upheld the federal government’s authority to regulate economic activities that have a substantial effect on interstate commerce, even if those activities are purely intrastate in nature.

    The Court has also played a crucial role in defining the boundaries of state sovereignty and the principle of dual federalism, which recognizes the independence of the federal and state governments within their respective spheres of authority. In landmark cases like National League of Cities v. Usery (1976) and Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985), the Court grappled with the question of how far the federal government can go in regulating state and local government activities without infringing on state sovereignty.

    More recently, the Supreme Court has focused on the principles of cooperative federalism, which emphasize the interdependence and collaboration between the federal and state governments. In cases like Printz v. United States (1997) and New York v. United States (1992), the Court has sought to preserve the autonomy of state governments by placing limits on the federal government’s ability to commandeer state resources or force states to implement federal programs.

    Additionally, the Court has addressed issues of federal preemption, where federal law supersedes conflicting state law. In cases like Wyeth v. Levine (2009) and Pliva, Inc. v. Mensing (2011), the Court has sought to balance the federal government’s interests in uniform national standards with the states’ traditional role in regulating public health and safety.

    Overall, the Supreme Court’s interventions in interpreting the federal framework and adjudicating disputes between the Union and the States have had a significant impact on the balance of power and the principles of cooperative federalism. The Court’s rulings have shaped the contours of federal-state relations, affirming the importance of state sovereignty while also recognizing the need for federal authority in certain areas of national importance.

    See less
Ronak Lal
  • 0
Ronak LalBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
  • 0

Evaluate the duties of the Union government concerning national security, such as leading the armed forces, overseeing domestic security, and coordinating measures to mitigate and respond to disasters.

upsc: federal structure
  1. Baba Ram
    Baba Ram Begginer

    The Union government has significant responsibilities in the realm of national security, including: Command of the armed forces: The Union government is responsible for the overall command and control of the Indian Armed Forces, which includes the Army, Navy, and Air Force. The Ministry of Defence (Read more

    The Union government has significant responsibilities in the realm of national security, including:

    Command of the armed forces:
    The Union government is responsible for the overall command and control of the Indian Armed Forces, which includes the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
    The Ministry of Defence (MOD) is responsible for the formulation and implementation of defence policies, and for ensuring the operational readiness of the armed forces.
    The MOD is also responsible for acquiring and inducting new military equipment, and for modernizing the armed forces.
    Evaluation: The Union government’s command of the armed forces has been effective in maintaining national security, with India’s military being capable of responding to a range of threats. However, there have been concerns about corruption and inefficiencies in defence procurement.

    Management of internal security:
    The Union government is responsible for maintaining law and order within the country, including the management of internal security agencies such as the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Border Security Force (BSF), and Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP).
    The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is responsible for formulating policies on internal security, including counter-terrorism, border management, and law and order.
    The MHA also coordinates with State governments to address internal security concerns.
    Evaluation: The Union government’s management of internal security has been effective in addressing some internal security challenges, such as terrorism and insurgencies. However, there have been concerns about inadequate funding and resources for internal security agencies, as well as allegations of human rights abuses.

    Coordination of disaster response and mitigation efforts:
    The Union government is responsible for coordinating disaster response efforts through the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), which was established in 2006.
    The NDMA works closely with State governments, other central ministries, and external agencies to respond to natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and cyclones.
    The NDMA also develops plans and policies for disaster risk reduction and management.
    Evaluation: The Union government’s coordination of disaster response efforts has been effective in responding to major disasters such as the 2004 tsunami and the 2013 Uttarakhand floods. However, there have been concerns about inadequate preparedness and slow response times to some disasters.

    Additional responsibilities:

    The Union government is also responsible for:
    Foreign policy: The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) is responsible for formulating India’s foreign policy, including relations with other countries, international organizations, and multilateral agreements.
    National intelligence gathering: The Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) is responsible for collecting intelligence on national security threats from outside India.
    Border management: The Border Management Division within the MHA is responsible for managing India’s borders with neighboring countries.
    Overall, the Union government plays a critical role in ensuring national security through its command of the armed forces, management of internal security, coordination of disaster response efforts, foreign policy formulation, national intelligence gathering, and border management. While there are areas for improvement, the government’s efforts have contributed to maintaining national security and stability.

    See less
Rimshi Shaw
  • 1
Rimshi ShawBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In: , ,
  • 1

question
  1. Meerab Mehata
    Meerab Mehata Begginer

    The Special Category Status (SCS) is a classification given by the central government of India to assist states that face geographical and socio-economic disadvantages. States with SCS receive preferential treatment in the form of central assistance for development programs, tax concessions, and othRead more

    The Special Category Status (SCS) is a classification given by the central government of India to assist states that face geographical and socio-economic disadvantages. States with SCS receive preferential treatment in the form of central assistance for development programs, tax concessions, and other financial benefits.

    The increasing demand for SCS by various states can be attributed to several factors:

    1. Fiscal Imbalance: Many states, particularly in the North-Eastern and hilly regions, face severe fiscal constraints due to their geographical disadvantages, limited resources, and higher costs of infrastructure development. They believe that SCS can help address this fiscal imbalance and accelerate their development.
    2. Political Factors: The demand for SCS often has political undertones, with regional parties and state governments using it as a bargaining chip to exert pressure on the central government and gain more autonomy and resources.
    3. Perceived Inequality: States that do not have SCS often feel that they are being treated unfairly and are not receiving their fair share of resources and attention from the central government.

    The increasing demand for SCS can lead to center-state strife in the following ways:

    1. Conflicts over Resource Allocation: The central government has limited resources, and the allocation of these resources among states with and without SCS can become a point of contention, leading to political tensions and conflicts.
    2. Weakening of National Unity: The differential treatment of states based on SCS can be perceived as a violation of the principle of cooperative federalism and may contribute to a sense of regional disparities, potentially undermining national unity.
    3. Negotiation Challenges: The central government may be reluctant to grant SCS to more states due to the fiscal implications, leading to prolonged negotiations and disputes between the center and the states.
    4. Legal Challenges: Some states may even approach the courts to seek legal redress for their demands, further complicating the center-state relationship.

    To address these challenges, the central government and the states need to engage in constructive dialogue, focusing on developing a more equitable and transparent system of resource allocation. This may involve revisiting the criteria for granting SCS, exploring alternative mechanisms for supporting development in disadvantaged regions, and strengthening the overall framework of cooperative federalism.

    See less
Gitanjali Reena
  • 0
Gitanjali ReenaBegginer
Asked: June 28, 2024In:
  • 0

The Indian federalist model has drawn criticism for being overly centralized, yet it also gives the states enough room and autonomy. Examine. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: federal structure
  1. Sagar soni
    Sagar soni Begginer

    Federalism is a system of government in which powers have been divided between the Centre and its constituent parts such as states within a country. Though the word federation is not mentioned in the Indian Constitution, the country has a federal system having a rigid Constitution, bicameralism, indRead more

    Federalism is a system of government in which powers have been divided between the Centre and its constituent parts such as states within a country. Though the word federation is not mentioned in the Indian Constitution, the country has a federal system having a rigid Constitution, bicameralism, independent Judiciary, division of powers between various levels of government, etc. However, it has been often argued that the Indian model of federalism has centralization tendencies. Centralized nature of the Indian federalism:

    • Legislation by the Centre in ‘state subjects’: Under the Seventh Schedule, the legislative powers of the Centre and States are delineated in the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List.
      • In case of a deadlock between the Union and states over subjects in the Concurrent list, the Union law prevails.
      • The Union List contains more subjects than the State List.
      • Under Article 249 of the Indian Constitution, the Parliament has power to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest.
    • President’s Rule: Under Article 356 of the Constitution, the President can dismiss state governments and dissolve Legislative Assemblies, leading to central control of the states.
    • Central agencies and institutions: The existence of central agencies like the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and the National Investigation Agency (NIA) signifies the control of the Central government in matters of investigation and law enforcement.
    • Other features:
      • The Union Parliament has been given unilateral discretion to reconstruct the boundaries of the states.
      • The Union government has the power of appointing Governors in the states and dissolving state governments by proclaiming President’s Rule if the Centre deems fit.

    However, in the Indian model of federalism, states have been given adequate space and autonomy, as can be discerned through the following examples:

    • State List: Under the Seventh Schedule, states have exclusive legislative rights on matters in the State List. Even when the Parliament makes a law under Article 249 of the Constitution, the state law can prevail if there is the consent of the President.
    • Executive and financial powers: The state governments have the power to administer programmes and policies in their respective states, and they are responsible for rolling out the budget, and collecting and spending revenue.
    • The Indian Constitution also provides for a system of fiscal federalism, which ensures that the states receive a share of revenue from the Central government.
    • Special status and autonomy: The Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution provides for special provisions for tribal areas in the North-Eastern states allowing them a degree of autonomy in governance.
    • Cooperative federalism: Different forums are established for promotion of cooperative federalism, such as the Niti Aayog, GST Council, Inter-State Council, etc. to promote the participation of state governments in the policy-making process.
    • Others: One of most important moments for federalism in recent times is the revelation of the vital role of state governments in managing the COVID-19 crisis. After initial challenges, the Union government ceded adequate space and autonomy to the states for strengthening their healthcare facilities and managing localised lockdowns.

    Indian federalism is a dynamic model that has witnessed a unique interplay of centralization and decentralization. While the Central government maintains significant control over the states, there are instances where autonomy has been granted to accommodate regional aspirations and promote cooperative federalism. The ongoing evolution of Indian federalism should ensure that the needs of a diverse country are effectively addressed.

    See less
Dinesh Raghavan
  • 0
Dinesh RaghavanBegginer
Asked: January 11, 2025In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define the Scope of the Question: Briefly introduce the concept of India’s federal structure. Explain the importance of inter-governmental institutions in the context of federalism, particularly in a country like India with diverse states and regions. Mention the role ...

upsc: federal structure
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Importance of Federal Inter-Governmental Institutions in India India’s federal inter-governmental institutions play a pivotal role in fostering communication and dialogue between the Centre and states. These platforms facilitate cooperative federalism, which is essential for addressingRead more

    Model Answer

    Importance of Federal Inter-Governmental Institutions in India

    India’s federal inter-governmental institutions play a pivotal role in fostering communication and dialogue between the Centre and states. These platforms facilitate cooperative federalism, which is essential for addressing unresolved governance issues. While the mechanisms are vital, their effectiveness is shaped by both strengths and challenges.

    Strengths of Federal Institutions

    Fostering Cooperative Federalism
    Institutions like the Inter-State Council and NITI Aayog serve as key platforms for dialogue between the Centre and states. The Inter-State Council, for example, has facilitated discussions on critical issues like interstate water disputes, creating an avenue for resolution (source: Government of India). Such interactions help resolve conflicts and promote cooperation across levels of governance.

    Strategic Policy Vision and Regional Development
    NITI Aayog has played an instrumental role in shaping India’s national strategies, such as the 15-year road map and 7-year action plan, by actively involving states in policy formulation. Similarly, Zonal Councils ensure balanced regional development and resolve state-level issues, fostering stronger union-state relations.

    Fiscal Federalism
    The GST Council stands out as a significant example of how inter-governmental institutions address fiscal governance issues. For instance, the resolution on the GST compensation mechanism was crucial in addressing the revenue loss concerns of states after the GST rollout.

    Challenges Facing Federal Institutions

    Infrequent Meetings
    Despite the constitutional mandate, the Inter-State Council has met only 11 times since 1990, hindering its potential as a regular platform for dialogue (source: Ministry of Home Affairs).

    Political Will and Trust Deficit
    Political differences often impede effective cooperation between the Centre and states. The absence of key state leaders in NITI Aayog’s Governing Council meeting exemplifies the lack of political will and trust.

    Conclusion

    India’s federal institutions are crucial in addressing governance issues, but their effectiveness can be improved by ensuring regular meetings, clearer mandates, and enhanced political cooperation. Efforts to reduce political differences and ensure transparency can further strengthen these platforms.

    See less
Arjun Sharma
  • 0
Arjun SharmaBegginer
Asked: July 15, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine the variables that have impacted the formation of new States in independent India and discuss the provisions inherent in the Constitution for the creation of new States and the rearrangement of current State boundaries.

upsc: federal structure
Sharqa Tabrez
  • 0
Sharqa TabrezBegginer
Asked: July 11, 2024In: , , , ,
  • 0

How have evolving economic dynamics impacted fiscal relations between the Union and the States in India? Answer in 250 words.

evolution of indian economypolityquestion
  1. Shivani
    Shivani Begginer
Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 24, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine the Inter-State Council’s contribution to the advancement of cooperative federalism in India critically. (125 Words) [UPPSC 2020]

uppsc: federal structure
  1. Manish Chadha
    Manish Chadha Begginer

    Role of the Inter-State Council in Promoting Co-operative Federalism 1. Purpose and Function: The Inter-State Council (ISC) was established under Article 263 of the Indian Constitution to promote co-operative federalism by facilitating dialogue between the Centre and states on issues of mutual conceRead more

    Role of the Inter-State Council in Promoting Co-operative Federalism

    1. Purpose and Function:
    The Inter-State Council (ISC) was established under Article 263 of the Indian Constitution to promote co-operative federalism by facilitating dialogue between the Centre and states on issues of mutual concern. Its main role is to resolve disputes and coordinate policies.

    2. Achievements:
    The ISC has played a role in policy coordination, such as discussions on GST implementation and flood management. It serves as a platform for states and central government to address inter-state issues and ensure collaborative governance.

    3. Criticisms:
    However, its effectiveness has been questioned due to infrequent meetings and limited impact on major federal disputes. For instance, it had a limited role in the recent farm laws dispute, highlighting its ineffectiveness in resolving critical issues.

    4. Recent Example:
    In the context of COVID-19 management, while the ISC discussed various measures, state-central coordination often remained ad-hoc rather than systematically resolved through the council.

    Conclusion:
    The ISC aims to foster co-operative federalism, but its limited frequency and variable impact suggest the need for a more dynamic role in ensuring effective federal collaboration.

    See less
Load More Questions

Resources & Suggestions

Mains Answer Writing Latest Articles

On: April 16, 2025

Daily Answer Writing Practice Questions (15 April 2025)

How are corporate governance and business ethics connected, and how do they jointly influence investment decisions and the global flow of capital? (150 words) कॉर्पोरेट गवर्नेंस और व्यावसायिक नैतिकता निवेश निर्णयों और वैश्विक पूंजी प्रवाह को प्रभावित करने वाले मुख्य ...

On: April 14, 2025

Daily Answer Writing Practice Questions (14 April 2025)

Although it may appear limiting, anonymity is one of the key strengths of civil services. Comment on this in light of the recent rise of social media. (150 words) हालांकि यह प्रतिबंधात्मक लग सकता है, फिर भी अनामिकता लोक सेवाओं ...

On: April 13, 2025 Comments: 0

Daily Answer Writing Practice Questions (13 April 2025)

Discuss how ‘Niti’ should focus more on ‘Nyaya,’ emphasizing the removal of injustices that can be addressed, rather than aiming to define an ideal perfectly just society. (150 words) ‘नीति’ को एक आदर्श न्यायपूर्ण समाज की परिभाषा के बजाय ‘न्याय’ ...

Explore Our Blog