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Federal Structure

India’s federal structure is a key feature of its constitutional framework, dividing powers between the Union government and state governments. The states have their own elected legislative assemblies, executive branches, and judicial systems, granting them significant autonomy in policy decisions.

This balanced federalism, with a system of checks and balances, ensures effective governance and accommodates the diverse needs of India’s vast and heterogeneous population.

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Home/Indian Polity/Federal Structure/Page 3

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 24, 2024In:
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Examine the Inter-State Council’s contribution to the advancement of cooperative federalism in India critically. (125 Words) [UPPSC 2020]

uppsc: federal structure
  1. Manish Chadha
    Manish Chadha Begginer

    Role of the Inter-State Council in Promoting Co-operative Federalism 1. Purpose and Function: The Inter-State Council (ISC) was established under Article 263 of the Indian Constitution to promote co-operative federalism by facilitating dialogue between the Centre and states on issues of mutual conceRead more

    Role of the Inter-State Council in Promoting Co-operative Federalism

    1. Purpose and Function:
    The Inter-State Council (ISC) was established under Article 263 of the Indian Constitution to promote co-operative federalism by facilitating dialogue between the Centre and states on issues of mutual concern. Its main role is to resolve disputes and coordinate policies.

    2. Achievements:
    The ISC has played a role in policy coordination, such as discussions on GST implementation and flood management. It serves as a platform for states and central government to address inter-state issues and ensure collaborative governance.

    3. Criticisms:
    However, its effectiveness has been questioned due to infrequent meetings and limited impact on major federal disputes. For instance, it had a limited role in the recent farm laws dispute, highlighting its ineffectiveness in resolving critical issues.

    4. Recent Example:
    In the context of COVID-19 management, while the ISC discussed various measures, state-central coordination often remained ad-hoc rather than systematically resolved through the council.

    Conclusion:
    The ISC aims to foster co-operative federalism, but its limited frequency and variable impact suggest the need for a more dynamic role in ensuring effective federal collaboration.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: September 10, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Define Financial Emergency as per Article 360 of the Indian Constitution. Mention its historical context, noting that it has never been invoked in India. Circumstances for Proclaiming Financial Emergency Explain the conditions under which the President can declare a Financial ...

upsc: federal structure
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Financial Emergency, outlined in Article 360 of the Indian Constitution, is one of the three emergencies the President of India can proclaim. Notably, it has never been imposed in independent India. This provision aims to safeguard the nation’s financial stability and crediRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Financial Emergency, outlined in Article 360 of the Indian Constitution, is one of the three emergencies the President of India can proclaim. Notably, it has never been imposed in independent India. This provision aims to safeguard the nation’s financial stability and creditworthiness during critical situations.

    Circumstances for Proclaiming Financial Emergency

    According to Article 360, the President may declare a Financial Emergency if they believe that the financial stability or credit of India—or any part thereof—is under threat. This could occur due to various factors, such as:

    • Severe fiscal deficits that jeopardize government operations.
    • Economic shocks, such as a sharp decline in GDP or global financial crises.
    • Insolvency issues affecting key state or central government institutions.

    These circumstances necessitate immediate intervention to prevent further economic decline.

    Consequences of Financial Emergency

    The declaration of a Financial Emergency triggers several important consequences:

    1. Executive Authority: The central government gains extensive powers to direct states on financial propriety. This includes issuing instructions to ensure compliance with financial norms and regulations.
    2. Reduction of Salaries: The President can reduce the salaries and allowances of all Central and State government employees, including judges of the Supreme and High Courts. This measure aims to control public expenditure during financial distress.
    3. Legislative Implications: All Money Bills and financial legislation passed by State Legislatures must be reserved for the President’s consideration. Additionally, the President can direct reductions in salaries for Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs).
    4. Suspension of Fundamental Rights: While not explicitly stated, the enforcement of the Directive Principles of State Policy may take precedence over Fundamental Rights during a Financial Emergency, allowing for stricter governance measures.

    Conclusion

    Understanding the provisions and implications of Financial Emergency is vital for grasping the constitutional mechanisms in place to address financial crises in India. While it has never been invoked, the potential consequences could significantly affect government functioning and the economy, emphasizing the need for careful management of public finances.

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Darshan Suresh
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Darshan SureshBegginer
Asked: January 11, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction (approx. 100-150 words) Define Asymmetric Federalism: Start by defining what asymmetric federalism means—where different states or regions within a federation are granted unequal powers, privileges, or autonomy based on their unique conditions or historical contexts. Contextualize the ...

upsc: federal structure
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Necessity of Asymmetry in India's Federalism India's federalism is inherently asymmetric, characterized by unequal power distribution and distinct political, administrative, and fiscal relations between the center and states. While asymmetric federalism has been a fundamental feature ofRead more

    Model Answer

    Necessity of Asymmetry in India’s Federalism

    India’s federalism is inherently asymmetric, characterized by unequal power distribution and distinct political, administrative, and fiscal relations between the center and states. While asymmetric federalism has been a fundamental feature of India’s political structure, its necessity remains a subject of debate.

    1. Historical Context and Integration

    Asymmetric federalism was crucial for India’s integration after independence. The country emerged from British rule, with regions directly under British governance and 216 princely states, each with varying degrees of autonomy. Special provisions, like Article 370 for Jammu and Kashmir, were designed to integrate these regions into the Union. This was essential in ensuring national unity and preventing fragmentation (Source: Constitution of India, Article 370).

    2. Ensuring National Security and Unity

    Asymmetric arrangements were also key to ensuring national security and political stability. For example, the Sixth Schedule provided autonomy to tribal areas in the northeastern states, transforming erstwhile insurgents into important stakeholders within the Indian polity. This helped address regional security concerns while maintaining unity in a diverse nation (Source: Constitution of India, Sixth Schedule).

    3. Recognition of Diversity

    India’s diversity, in terms of languages, cultures, and regional aspirations, makes asymmetric federalism necessary to ensure that local contexts are considered in governance. Special provisions under Article 371 grant states like Nagaland and Andhra Pradesh specific privileges based on their distinct needs, ensuring policies align with local aspirations (Source: Constitution of India, Article 371).

    4. Economic and Administrative Factors

    India’s diverse states face varying economic challenges. Larger states with bigger populations need more fiscal resources for public service delivery. This makes asymmetric fiscal federalism essential, as mechanisms like the Finance Commission help allocate resources more equitably (Source: Finance Commission Reports).

    Conclusion

    Despite criticisms of resource misallocation and regional disparities, asymmetric federalism is essential for India to accommodate its diverse needs, ensure national unity, and provide equitable governance. It remains a necessary feature to manage the country’s complexity, particularly in promoting cooperative federalism where all groups can have a voice.

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Dinesh Raghavan
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Dinesh RaghavanBegginer
Asked: January 11, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define the Scope of the Question: Briefly introduce the concept of India’s federal structure. Explain the importance of inter-governmental institutions in the context of federalism, particularly in a country like India with diverse states and regions. Mention the role ...

upsc: federal structure
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Importance of Federal Inter-Governmental Institutions in India India’s federal inter-governmental institutions play a pivotal role in fostering communication and dialogue between the Centre and states. These platforms facilitate cooperative federalism, which is essential for addressingRead more

    Model Answer

    Importance of Federal Inter-Governmental Institutions in India

    India’s federal inter-governmental institutions play a pivotal role in fostering communication and dialogue between the Centre and states. These platforms facilitate cooperative federalism, which is essential for addressing unresolved governance issues. While the mechanisms are vital, their effectiveness is shaped by both strengths and challenges.

    Strengths of Federal Institutions

    Fostering Cooperative Federalism
    Institutions like the Inter-State Council and NITI Aayog serve as key platforms for dialogue between the Centre and states. The Inter-State Council, for example, has facilitated discussions on critical issues like interstate water disputes, creating an avenue for resolution (source: Government of India). Such interactions help resolve conflicts and promote cooperation across levels of governance.

    Strategic Policy Vision and Regional Development
    NITI Aayog has played an instrumental role in shaping India’s national strategies, such as the 15-year road map and 7-year action plan, by actively involving states in policy formulation. Similarly, Zonal Councils ensure balanced regional development and resolve state-level issues, fostering stronger union-state relations.

    Fiscal Federalism
    The GST Council stands out as a significant example of how inter-governmental institutions address fiscal governance issues. For instance, the resolution on the GST compensation mechanism was crucial in addressing the revenue loss concerns of states after the GST rollout.

    Challenges Facing Federal Institutions

    Infrequent Meetings
    Despite the constitutional mandate, the Inter-State Council has met only 11 times since 1990, hindering its potential as a regular platform for dialogue (source: Ministry of Home Affairs).

    Political Will and Trust Deficit
    Political differences often impede effective cooperation between the Centre and states. The absence of key state leaders in NITI Aayog’s Governing Council meeting exemplifies the lack of political will and trust.

    Conclusion

    India’s federal institutions are crucial in addressing governance issues, but their effectiveness can be improved by ensuring regular meetings, clearer mandates, and enhanced political cooperation. Efforts to reduce political differences and ensure transparency can further strengthen these platforms.

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Ajay Sundar
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Ajay SundarLearner
Asked: February 18, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Define Centre-State relations and their significance in Indian federalism. Briefly mention the recent changes and the context of these changes. Recent Changes Introduced by the Union Government 15th Finance Commission’s Recommendations: Discuss the reduction of states’ share in central taxes ...

upsc: federal structure
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The Centre-State relations in India have seen notable changes recently, particularly in the context of cooperative federalism and fiscal management. The 15th Finance Commission's recommendations, the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST), and the contentious faRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The Centre-State relations in India have seen notable changes recently, particularly in the context of cooperative federalism and fiscal management. The 15th Finance Commission’s recommendations, the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST), and the contentious farm laws have all influenced this dynamic relationship.

    Recent Changes Introduced by the Union Government

    1. 15th Finance Commission’s Recommendations: The Centre has implemented the recommendation to reduce the states’ share in central taxes from 42% to 41%. This adjustment acknowledges the fiscal challenges while considering the needs of newly formed Union Territories like Jammu & Kashmir .
    2. Introduction of GST: While GST aimed to unify the Indian market, it has led to financial stress for states, particularly due to delays in compensation payments. Several states have expressed concerns over these delays, which strain their budgets .
    3. Farm Laws: The controversial farm laws enacted by the Centre aimed at agricultural reform but faced significant backlash from states like Punjab and Haryana, which argued that agriculture is a state subject and that these laws infringed upon their legislative powers .
    4. Establishment of NITI Aayog: The transition from the Planning Commission to NITI Aayog was intended to promote cooperative federalism. However, some states feel that decision-making remains overly centralized .
    5. Increase in Centrally Sponsored Schemes: The rise in centrally sponsored schemes has reduced the financial autonomy of states, as they are often required to contribute funds, limiting their flexibility in local development priorities .
    6. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Scheme: The DBT has centralized welfare disbursement, reducing state control over social welfare programs, which may not always align with local needs .

    Measures to Build Trust and Strengthen Federalism

    1. Strengthening the Inter-State Council: Revitalizing this council can foster dialogue on policy decisions and disputes, ensuring inclusiveness in governance .
    2. Timely GST Compensation: Ensuring timely compensation will help maintain fiscal stability and trust between the Centre and states.
    3. More Autonomy in Centrally Sponsored Schemes: Empowering states to tailor schemes according to local needs will enhance efficiency .
    4. Cooperative Federalism through NITI Aayog: Involving states in key decisions will promote shared ownership of national development goals .
    5. Resolving Disputes through Consensus: A collaborative approach to resolving issues like river water-sharing disputes can reduce friction .
    6. Constitutional Clarity on State Subjects: Clearly defining powers and responsibilities will minimize conflicts and enhance cooperative federalism .
    7. Fiscal Empowerment of States: Revisiting the 15th Finance Commission’s recommendations to provide greater fiscal autonomy will ensure balanced development.
    8. Collaborative Policy Formulation: Engaging states in the early stages of policy formulation will foster a sense of ownership and cooperation.

    Conclusion

    In conclusion, nurturing India’s federal structure through mutual trust and cooperation is essential for effective governance. Strengthening Centre-State relations through dialogue, financial autonomy, and clear constitutional definitions will enhance the foundation of Indian democracy.

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Mamta Rani
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Mamta RaniLearner
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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Examine the procedures for the Union and the States to coordinate and cooperate in the fields of healthcare, education, and environmental protection. Discuss the difficulties in guaranteeing that policies are implemented in a harmonic manner.

upsc: federal structure
  1. Baba Ram
    Baba Ram Begginer

    Mechanisms for coordination and cooperation between the Union and States in the areas of education, healthcare, and environmental protection: Education: The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) is responsible for overall education policy and coordination with States. The Rashtriya MadhyamikRead more

    Mechanisms for coordination and cooperation between the Union and States in the areas of education, healthcare, and environmental protection:

    Education:

    The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) is responsible for overall education policy and coordination with States.
    The Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) are programs that aim to improve elementary education and secondary education, respectively.
    The MHRD provides grants to States for infrastructure development, teacher training, and other educational initiatives.
    The National Council for Education Research and Training (NCERT) is responsible for setting curriculum standards and guidelines for schools.
    Healthcare:

    The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) is responsible for overall healthcare policy and coordination with States.
    The National Health Mission (NHM) aims to improve healthcare services, particularly in rural areas.
    The MoHFW provides financial assistance to States for healthcare infrastructure development, human resource development, and disease control programs.
    The National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) is responsible for coordinating HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment efforts.
    Environmental Protection:

    The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is responsible for overall environmental policy and coordination with States.
    The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is responsible for monitoring and controlling pollution levels in India.
    The State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) are responsible for implementing pollution control measures at the State level.
    The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change provides grants to States for environmental conservation and pollution control initiatives.
    Challenges in ensuring harmonious implementation of policies:

    Autonomy vs. Centralization: There is a constant tug-of-war between the Union government’s desire for centralized control and the States’ desire for autonomy.
    Funding: Inadequate funding from the Union government can hinder the implementation of policies at the State level.
    Coordination: Inadequate coordination between the Union government and States can lead to confusion, delays, and inefficiencies in policy implementation.
    Capacity building: Many States lack the necessary capacity to implement complex policies, leading to delays and inefficiencies.
    Corruption: Corruption at various levels can hinder the effective implementation of policies.
    Lack of transparency: Inadequate transparency in policy-making and implementation can lead to mistrust between the Union government and States.
    To overcome these challenges, it is essential to:

    Establish clear lines of communication between the Union government and States.
    Ensure adequate funding for State-level implementation of policies.
    Build capacity among State-level officials through training and capacity-building programs.
    Implement robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to track policy implementation progress.
    Increase transparency in policy-making and implementation through regular reports and public consultations.
    In conclusion, while there are challenges in ensuring harmonious implementation of policies between the Union government and States, there are also mechanisms in place to facilitate coordination and cooperation. By addressing the challenges mentioned above, it is possible to improve policy implementation outcomes in education, healthcare, and environmental protection.

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Prateek
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PrateekLearner
Asked: June 5, 2024In:
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Describe the different obstacles that India faces in maintaining cooperative federalism. Provide strategies for promoting cooperative federalism as well. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: federal structure
  1. Animesh Singh
    Animesh Singh Learner

    Ensuring cooperative federalism in India faces several challenges: 1. Power imbalance: The central government's dominance over financial resources and policy decisions creates an uneven power dynamic between the Union and the states, hampering genuine cooperation. 2. Political differences: IdeologicRead more

    Ensuring cooperative federalism in India faces several challenges:

    1. Power imbalance: The central government’s dominance over financial resources and policy decisions creates an uneven power dynamic between the Union and the states, hampering genuine cooperation.

    2. Political differences: Ideological and political differences between the ruling parties at the center and in the states can lead to conflicting agendas and a lack of consensus on national issues.

    3. Fiscal constraints: Many states face financial constraints and are heavily dependent on the center for grants and transfers, limiting their autonomy in decision-making.

    4. Coordination issues: Lack of effective coordination mechanisms and communication channels between the Union and the states can hinder the implementation of joint programs and policies.

    5. Functional overlap: Unclear delineation of responsibilities between the Union and the states often leads to overlapping jurisdictions and conflicts over policy implementation.

    To foster cooperative federalism, the following measures can be taken:

    1. Strengthening inter-governmental forums: Institutions like the Inter-State Council and the Goods and Services Tax Council should be empowered to facilitate greater dialogue and consensus-building.

    2. Enhancing fiscal federalism: Revising the formula for the devolution of financial resources to the states, increasing the untied grants, and expanding the states’ revenue-raising powers can promote fiscal autonomy.

    3. Institutionalizing cooperative mechanisms: Establishing permanent secretariats, joint task forces, and regular consultations between the Union and the states can improve coordination and collaboration.

    4. Promoting cooperative mindset: Fostering a culture of mutual trust, respect, and accommodative approach among political parties and government officials can contribute to the success of cooperative federalism.

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Bhavesh singh
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Bhavesh singhBegginer
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
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The cooperative federalism of India is in jeopardy because several state governments have withdrawn their general consent to the CBI.

upsc: federal structure
  1. Rohini Singh
    Rohini Singh Begginer

    Answer: The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is the premier investigating police agency in India. It is not only a premier anti-corruption investigative agency but also has experience of handling high profile conventional crimes, economic offences, banking frauds and frauds with international lRead more

    Answer: The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is the premier investigating police agency in India. It is not only a premier anti-corruption investigative agency but also has experience of handling high profile conventional crimes, economic offences, banking frauds and frauds with international linkages. The CBI is governed by The Delhi Special Police Establishment Act (DSPE) Act, 1946, and it must mandatorily obtain the consent of the state government concerned before beginning to investigate a crime in a state. The consent of the state government can be case-specific or general. General consent is usually given by states to help the CBI in seamless investigation of cases of corruption against central government employees in their states. This is consent by default, in the absence of which, the CBI would have to apply to the state government, in every case, and before taking even small actions. Traditionally, almost all states have given the CBI general consent. However, currently nine states have withdrawn consent to the CBI on the grounds that the CBI is used for political interests and vendetta. This tussle between the CBI and States has created an impasse as around 150 requests for sanction to investigate by the CBI are pending with such state governments since 2018. The Supreme Court has referred to the situation as ‘undesirable’. It has been argued that this also threatens the spirit of cooperative federalism in India in the following manner:

    • Under the Seventh Schedule, ‘Police’ and ‘Public Order’ are State subjects under the Constitution, conferring exclusive domain to the state to make laws regarding the same. However, the CBI continues to carry out its functions as a Central Government investigative agency. This overlap of functioning and jurisdiction with local police forces cause recurrent federal issues.
    • A fallout of it is that the CBI has not been able to start a probe in over Rs. 21,000 Crores worth of bank fraud cases in want of consent by five states in the last three years.
    • It has led to widening of trust deficit between the Center and states and weakening an important central agency, making it incapable of coordinating on vital common matters.

    In 2013, the CBI came under harsh criticism by one of the Supreme Court judges, who referred to it as a “caged parrot” and “its master’s voice” due to political interference in the CBI inquiry on the allocation of coalfield licences. It has been argued that when different political parties form governments at the Center and states, often their interests don’t align and the CBI is used as a political tool in such instances. Therefore, the concerns of states governments also need to be looked into along with ensuring that the CBI conducts all its investigations in a free, fair and impartial manner as per the law. Following steps can be taken in this regard:

    • As observed by the Madras High Court, the CBI Director should be given similar powers as that of the Secretary to the Government of India. Also, he should directly report to the Minister/Prime Minister without going through the Department of Personnel and Training.
    • The central investigation agency “should be made more independent” like the Election Commission of India and the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. The Madras High Court also directed the government to “consider and take a decision for enactment of a separate Act giving statutory status with more powers and jurisdiction to CBI at the earliest”.

    This federal impasse is a worrying development. Strong federal agencies are in national interest because big crimes often straddle state and national borders and state agencies may not have resources or jurisdiction to thwart such offenses. Therefore, it would be in India’s interest to protect CBI from political influence and interference.

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Gitanjali Reena
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Gitanjali ReenaBegginer
Asked: June 28, 2024In:
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The Indian federalist model has drawn criticism for being overly centralized, yet it also gives the states enough room and autonomy. Examine. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: federal structure
  1. Sagar soni
    Sagar soni Begginer

    Federalism is a system of government in which powers have been divided between the Centre and its constituent parts such as states within a country. Though the word federation is not mentioned in the Indian Constitution, the country has a federal system having a rigid Constitution, bicameralism, indRead more

    Federalism is a system of government in which powers have been divided between the Centre and its constituent parts such as states within a country. Though the word federation is not mentioned in the Indian Constitution, the country has a federal system having a rigid Constitution, bicameralism, independent Judiciary, division of powers between various levels of government, etc. However, it has been often argued that the Indian model of federalism has centralization tendencies. Centralized nature of the Indian federalism:

    • Legislation by the Centre in ‘state subjects’: Under the Seventh Schedule, the legislative powers of the Centre and States are delineated in the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List.
      • In case of a deadlock between the Union and states over subjects in the Concurrent list, the Union law prevails.
      • The Union List contains more subjects than the State List.
      • Under Article 249 of the Indian Constitution, the Parliament has power to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest.
    • President’s Rule: Under Article 356 of the Constitution, the President can dismiss state governments and dissolve Legislative Assemblies, leading to central control of the states.
    • Central agencies and institutions: The existence of central agencies like the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and the National Investigation Agency (NIA) signifies the control of the Central government in matters of investigation and law enforcement.
    • Other features:
      • The Union Parliament has been given unilateral discretion to reconstruct the boundaries of the states.
      • The Union government has the power of appointing Governors in the states and dissolving state governments by proclaiming President’s Rule if the Centre deems fit.

    However, in the Indian model of federalism, states have been given adequate space and autonomy, as can be discerned through the following examples:

    • State List: Under the Seventh Schedule, states have exclusive legislative rights on matters in the State List. Even when the Parliament makes a law under Article 249 of the Constitution, the state law can prevail if there is the consent of the President.
    • Executive and financial powers: The state governments have the power to administer programmes and policies in their respective states, and they are responsible for rolling out the budget, and collecting and spending revenue.
    • The Indian Constitution also provides for a system of fiscal federalism, which ensures that the states receive a share of revenue from the Central government.
    • Special status and autonomy: The Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution provides for special provisions for tribal areas in the North-Eastern states allowing them a degree of autonomy in governance.
    • Cooperative federalism: Different forums are established for promotion of cooperative federalism, such as the Niti Aayog, GST Council, Inter-State Council, etc. to promote the participation of state governments in the policy-making process.
    • Others: One of most important moments for federalism in recent times is the revelation of the vital role of state governments in managing the COVID-19 crisis. After initial challenges, the Union government ceded adequate space and autonomy to the states for strengthening their healthcare facilities and managing localised lockdowns.

    Indian federalism is a dynamic model that has witnessed a unique interplay of centralization and decentralization. While the Central government maintains significant control over the states, there are instances where autonomy has been granted to accommodate regional aspirations and promote cooperative federalism. The ongoing evolution of Indian federalism should ensure that the needs of a diverse country are effectively addressed.

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Sharqa Tabrez
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Sharqa TabrezBegginer
Asked: July 11, 2024In: , , , ,
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How have evolving economic dynamics impacted fiscal relations between the Union and the States in India? Answer in 250 words.

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  1. Shivani
    Shivani Begginer
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