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Elections & Representation of People’s Act

India’s democratic system is underpinned by the principle of universal adult suffrage, granting all citizens the right to vote. The Representation of the People Act, which governs the conduct of elections, ensures a level playing field for political parties and candidates.

The act outlines the processes for voter registration, candidate nomination, and the conduct of free and fair elections at the national and state levels.

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Home/Indian Polity/Elections & Representation of People’s Act/Page 2

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TeamSupreme
Asked: September 12, 2024In:
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Answer the question in maximum 200 words. This question carries 11 marks. [MPPSC 2023] Examine the First Past the Post System critically in the context of India.

upsc: elections & representation of people’s act
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    The First Past the Post (FPTP) system is a voting method where the candidate with the most votes in a constituency wins the seat, regardless of whether they secure an absolute majority. Advantages -  Simplicity and easy implementation enable efficient election administration, swift results and straiRead more

    The First Past the Post (FPTP) system is a voting method where the candidate with the most votes in a constituency wins the seat, regardless of whether they secure an absolute majority.

    Advantages – 

    1. Simplicity and easy implementation enable efficient election administration, swift results and straightforward voter understanding in the First Past the Post system.
    2. Stability and decisiveness characterize FPTP, yielding clear winners, strong governments, efficient decision making and reduced post election uncertainty and coalition negotiations.
    3. FPTP encourages broad coalitions by incentivizing parties to form pre electoral alliances and appeal to diverse voter bases for victory.

     

    Disadvantages –

    1. Lack of representation occurs in FPTP when winners secure seats with less than 50% votes, potentially misrepresenting constituency interests.
    2. Split voting and spoiler effects occur when multiple similar candidates divide votes, allowing an opposing candidate to win with less than a majority, misrepresenting the majority’s preferences .
    3. Disproportionate representation occurs in First Past the Post systems when winning candidates or parties receive a disproportionate number of seats relative to their actual vote share .

     

    Challenges to First Past the Post (FPTP) include disproportionate representation, split voting and lack of representation. Initiatives to promote FPTP focus on its simplicity, efficiency, and stability, as well as its ability to keep extremism at bay and provide clear election outcomes.

     

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Sujata Gautam
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Sujata GautamBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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Talk about the electoral rules and laws that control campaign funding in India. Analyze the steps done to maintain accountability and openness, such as disclosing contributions and expenses. Analyze how well these steps are working to limit the influence of ...

upsc: elections & representation of people’s act
  1. Bahadur Pandit
    Bahadur Pandit Begginer

    The electoral laws and regulations governing campaign finance in India are primarily governed by the Representation of the People Act, 1951, the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968, and the Election Commission of India's (ECI) guidelines. The key provisions related to campaign fRead more

    The electoral laws and regulations governing campaign finance in India are primarily governed by the Representation of the People Act, 1951, the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968, and the Election Commission of India’s (ECI) guidelines. The key provisions related to campaign finance are:

    Prohibition on Corporate Funding: The Representation of the People Act, 1951, prohibits companies from donating to political parties or candidates.
    Contribution Limits: The Act sets limits on individual contributions to political parties or candidates.
    Disclosure of Contributions: Political parties and candidates are required to disclose the sources of their funds and the amounts received.
    Expenditure Limits: The ECI sets expenditure limits for political parties and candidates.
    Disclosure of Expenditures: Political parties and candidates must disclose their expenditures.
    Measures taken to ensure transparency and accountability:

    Electoral Bonds: The ECI introduced electoral bonds in 2017 to increase transparency in political funding. The bonds can be purchased anonymously, but the donor’s identity is not disclosed.
    Electoral Surplus Account: Political parties must maintain an electoral surplus account to deposit excess funds collected during elections.
    Audit of Accounts: Political parties’ accounts are audited annually by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG).
    Online Disclosure: Political parties and candidates are required to disclose their financial information online.
    Effectiveness in controlling the influence of money in elections:

    Anonymity: The electoral bond scheme allows anonymous funding, which can lead to unaccountable funding and potential money laundering.
    Limited Transparency: While some information is disclosed, it may not be sufficient to ensure full transparency, as some donors may remain anonymous.
    Inadequate Enforcement: There is a lack of effective enforcement mechanisms to ensure compliance with campaign finance regulations.
    Limited Expenditure Monitoring: It is challenging for authorities to monitor expenditures effectively, particularly in rural areas where resources may be limited.
    Corruption: Corruption among political party officials and election officials can undermine the effectiveness of campaign finance regulations.
    Challenges:

    Political Party Funding: Political parties often rely heavily on undisclosed funding sources, making it difficult to track the origin of funds.
    Donor Confidentiality: The electoral bond scheme provides donor confidentiality, which can create an environment conducive to corruption.
    Lack of Public Awareness: Voters may not be aware of the impact of campaign finance on elections, making it challenging to hold politicians accountable.
    Limited Resources: Election authorities may not have sufficient resources to effectively monitor campaign finance regulations.
    To improve the effectiveness of campaign finance regulations, India could consider:

    Strengthening enforcement mechanisms
    Increasing transparency through more comprehensive disclosure requirements
    Implementing stricter limits on campaign financing
    Enhancing public awareness about campaign finance issues
    Improving access to information for voters
    By addressing these challenges and strengthening campaign finance regulations, India can work towards reducing the influence of money in elections and promoting a more transparent and accountable democratic system.

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Himanshu Giri
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Himanshu GiriBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In: , , , , , , , , ,
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Sanitation worker strikes can have a big impact on pollution levels, as we saw in Delhi recently. Do you think sanitation workers are adequately valued? What can we do to ensure clean cities and a healthy environment for everyone?

  1. Harish Kb
    Harish Kb Begginer

    Sanitation worker strikes, like the recent one in Delhi, highlight the crucial role these workers play in maintaining clean cities and a healthy environment. Despite their importance, sanitation workers often face inadequate compensation and recognition. To address this, we need to ensure fair wagesRead more

    Sanitation worker strikes, like the recent one in Delhi, highlight the crucial role these workers play in maintaining clean cities and a healthy environment. Despite their importance, sanitation workers often face inadequate compensation and recognition. To address this, we need to ensure fair wages, better working conditions, and enhanced job security for them. Governments and organizations should invest in training and provide necessary resources to support their work. Additionally, public awareness campaigns can help recognize and value their contributions. By addressing these issues, we can promote cleaner cities and a healthier environment for all.

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Rohini Singh
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Rohini SinghBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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Analyze the steps made to combat political malpractices, including vote-buying, the use of unreported wealth, and the participation of criminal elements in the election process, under the Representation of the People Act. Talk about how well the administrative and legal ...

upsc: elections & representation of people’s act
  1. Rony Singh
    Rony Singh Begginer

    The Representation of the People Act, 1951, is a cornerstone of India's electoral framework, aiming to ensure free and fair elections. However, electoral malpractices such as vote-buying, the use of unaccounted wealth, and the involvement of criminal elements continue to pose significant challenges.Read more

    The Representation of the People Act, 1951, is a cornerstone of India’s electoral framework, aiming to ensure free and fair elections. However, electoral malpractices such as vote-buying, the use of unaccounted wealth, and the involvement of criminal elements continue to pose significant challenges. To address these issues, the Act has been amended several times, and various measures have been taken. Here’s an evaluation of these measures:

    **Measures taken:**

    1. **Electoral Bonds:** Introduced in 2017, electoral bonds allow donors to contribute to political parties anonymously, reducing the flow of unaccounted wealth.
    2. **Transparency in Funding:** Political parties are required to declare their sources of income and expenditure, making it easier to track the flow of funds.
    3. **FIRs and Investigations:** Police cases can be registered against individuals involved in electoral malpractices, and investigations are conducted by Enforcement Agencies.
    4. **Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT):** Introduced in 2013, VVPAT ensures that votes are recorded and can be verified, reducing the possibility of tampering.
    5. **Electoral Commission’s Surveillance:** The Election Commission of India (ECI) conducts regular monitoring and surveillance to prevent electoral malpractices.
    6. **Anti-Corruption Awareness:** Campaigns and awareness programs are conducted to educate voters about the importance of free and fair elections.

    **Effectiveness:**

    While these measures have improved the electoral landscape, there is still room for improvement:

    1. **Anonymity in Electoral Bonds:** Despite efforts to curb anonymous funding, some critics argue that this system allows for continued corruption.
    2. **Limited Investigations:** Investigations into electoral malpractices are often slow-paced and lack adequate resources, allowing offenders to evade justice.
    3. **Criminal Involvement:** Criminal elements continue to influence elections, often using their wealth and power to manipulate the process.
    4. **Lack of Awareness:** Despite awareness campaigns, many voters are still unaware of the importance of free and fair elections, making them susceptible to manipulation.
    5. **Partisan Politics:** Political parties often use their power and influence to undermine the electoral process, making it challenging for independent agencies to take action.

    **Challenges:**

    1. **Resources:** Limited resources hinder effective investigations and monitoring, making it difficult to curb electoral malpractices.
    2. **Political Interference:** Partisan politics can lead to political interference in the electoral process, undermining the integrity of elections.
    3. **Lack of Coordination:** Different agencies responsible for enforcing electoral laws may not coordinate effectively, leading to inefficiencies.

    **Conclusion:**

    While the Representation of the People Act has made efforts to address electoral malpractices, more needs to be done to effectively curb these issues. Strengthening investigations, increasing awareness among voters, and addressing partisan politics are crucial steps towards ensuring free and fair elections in India. The ECI must also work towards improving coordination among enforcement agencies and increasing resources for investigations. Ultimately, a multi-faceted approach that involves civil society, political parties, and citizens is necessary to ensure that elections in India are truly democratic and transparent.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 31, 2024In:
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Answer the question in maximum 200 words. This question carries 11 marks. [MPPSC 2023] What do you mean when you talk about the Election Commission of India’s independence? Which tenets serve as its foundation?

mppsc: elections & representation of people’s act
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a constitutional body established on January 25, 1950 to conduct free and fair elections in India . Headquartered in New Delhi, it's headed by a Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners, ensuring impartiality and transparency in electoral pRead more

    The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a constitutional body established on January 25, 1950 to conduct free and fair elections in India . Headquartered in New Delhi, it’s headed by a Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners, ensuring impartiality and transparency in electoral processes.

    The Election commission of India is ensured by –

    1. Stable tenure ensures Election Commission members serve 6 years or till age 65, whichever comes first .
    2. Equal power in the Election Commission of India ensures the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners have the same status, pay and perks as Supreme Court Judges.
    3. Autonomy in decision making ensures the Election Commission’s independence, impartiality and freedom from external influences .

    The guiding principles of the Election Commission of India include –

    1. Upholding constitutional values means ensuring equality, equity, impartiality and independence in electoral governance, as enshrined in India’s Constitution .
    2. Conducting free and fair elections means ensuring transparency, integrity, credibility and accountability with equal opportunities for all candidates.
    3. Promoting voter participation ensures inclusive, informed and enthusiastic citizen engagement in elections through systematic education and outreach initiatives.
    4. Engaging with stakeholders means collaborating with political parties, election functionaries, citizens and other bodies to ensure free and fair elections .
    5. Embracing technology means adopting innovative practices and digital solutions to enhance electoral processes, transparency and voter experience .

     

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Anonymous
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Anonymous
Asked: July 13, 2024In:
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  1. Nibedita Dutta
    Nibedita Dutta Begginer

    As we all know election commission of India (ECI) is the supreme body, which is responsible for the conduct of free and fair elections in largest democracy of the world. Here are the key aspects of its role: 1. Election Planning and Execution: It is also involved in the planning, coordination and reRead more

    As we all know election commission of India (ECI) is the supreme body, which is responsible for the conduct of free and fair elections in largest democracy of the world. Here are the key aspects of its role:

    1. Election Planning and Execution:
    It is also involved in the planning, coordination and regulation of the Lok Sabha / parliamentary and other state assembly elections as well as the Presidential and Vice-Presidential elections.
    2. Voter Registration:
    It compiles voters list meaning that it regulates and updates the register of all eligible voters to cast their votes.
    3. Model Code of Conduct:
    The ECI implements the Model Code of Conduct imposed on the political parties and the candidates during the elections for equal opportunity.
    Monitoring Campaign Finances:
    4. It controls the amount of money that can be spent on a campaign and insists on proper reporting on election expenditure.
    5. Election Schedule:
    Through a process of consultation, the ECI declares the dates of the polls while at the same time considering appropriate time for campaigning as well as other preparations.
    6. Voting Process Oversight:
    It oversees the activities which include stationing of personnel, polling stations, overseeing the security of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) etc.
    7. Dispute Resolution:
    The ECI becomes involved in election complaints and matters hence preserving the electoral process.

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Ishaan Chopra
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Ishaan ChopraBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
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Examine the steps implemented to counteract electoral malpractices, including voter intimidation, voter impersonation, and the use of alcohol and money to sway voters. Talk about how well the administrative and legal systems are working to stop these activities.

upsc: elections & representation of people’s act
  1. Goluram Singh
    Goluram Singh Begginer

    Electoral malpractices, such as the use of money and liquor to influence voters, intimidation of voters, and impersonation of voters, are significant challenges that threaten the integrity of elections. To address these challenges, various measures have been taken by governments and electoral bodiesRead more

    Electoral malpractices, such as the use of money and liquor to influence voters, intimidation of voters, and impersonation of voters, are significant challenges that threaten the integrity of elections. To address these challenges, various measures have been taken by governments and electoral bodies worldwide. This analysis will examine the measures taken to curb these practices and evaluate their effectiveness.

    **Measures taken:**

    1. **Legal framework:** Strengthening legal frameworks by enacting and enforcing laws that prohibit electoral malpractices. For example, in India, the Representation of the People Act, 1951, and the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961, prohibit bribery, intimidation, and impersonation.
    2. **Voter registration:** Implementing robust voter registration processes to ensure that only eligible citizens are enrolled on the electoral roll.
    3. **Biometric authentication:** Using biometric technologies like fingerprint or facial recognition to verify the identity of voters and prevent impersonation.
    4. **Voter education:** Educating voters about their rights and responsibilities to discourage electoral malpractices.
    5. **Poll officials training:** Training poll officials on their roles and responsibilities to detect and prevent electoral malpractices.
    6. **Election observer missions:** Deploying domestic and international election observer missions to monitor the electoral process and report on any irregularities.
    7. **Penalties for offenders:** Imposing severe penalties on individuals found guilty of electoral malpractices, including imprisonment and fines.

    **Effectiveness of legal and administrative mechanisms:**

    1. **Improved legal frameworks:** Strengthening legal frameworks has led to increased convictions and deterrence of electoral malpractices.
    2. **Voter registration improvements:** Robust voter registration processes have reduced instances of impersonation and fraud.
    3. **Biometric authentication:** Biometric technologies have significantly reduced voter impersonation rates.
    4. **Increased transparency:** Voter education and election observer missions have increased transparency in the electoral process, making it more difficult for malpractices to go undetected.
    5. **Deterrent effect:** Imposing severe penalties for electoral malpractices has acted as a deterrent, reducing instances of bribery and intimidation.

    **Challenges and limitations:**

    1. **Limited resources:** Limited resources can hinder the effectiveness of these measures, particularly in developing countries with limited infrastructure and funding.
    2. **Corruption:** Corruption among election officials can undermine the integrity of the electoral process.
    3. **Lack of public awareness:** Insufficient voter education can lead to a lack of understanding about electoral malpractices, making it difficult to prevent them.
    4. **Technical issues:** Biometric authentication systems can be vulnerable to technical glitches or hacking, which can compromise their effectiveness.

    In conclusion, while legal and administrative mechanisms have been put in place to address electoral malpractices, there is still room for improvement. To enhance their effectiveness, it is essential to address the challenges and limitations identified above. This can be achieved by increasing funding for election administration, implementing robust voter education programs, and improving biometric authentication systems. Additionally, ensuring transparency and accountability in election management is crucial for maintaining public trust in the electoral process.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 26, 2024In:
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Analyze the centerpiece of the Representation of Peoples Act critically. (125 Words) [UPPSC 2019]

uppsc: elections & representation of people’s act
  1. Bani Bhat
    Bani Bhat Learner

    Critical Examination of the Main Elements of the Representation of the People Act **1. Electoral Process Regulation The Representation of the People Act (1951 & 1952) regulates the electoral process in India. It outlines the procedures for elections, candidate eligibility, and voting rights, ensRead more

    Critical Examination of the Main Elements of the Representation of the People Act

    **1. Electoral Process Regulation

    The Representation of the People Act (1951 & 1952) regulates the electoral process in India. It outlines the procedures for elections, candidate eligibility, and voting rights, ensuring free and fair elections. Recent examples include the Election Commission’s guidelines on electronic voting machines (EVMs) and Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) for increased transparency.

    **2. Eligibility and Disqualification

    The Act specifies eligibility criteria for candidates and grounds for disqualification, such as criminal convictions and bankruptcy. The Supreme Court’s ruling in 2021 on disclosure of criminal records by candidates reflects this element.

    **3. Election Offenses

    It also addresses election offenses like bribery, intimidation, and corruption. Recent enforcement actions against misuse of money and muscle power in elections underscore this aspect.

    **4. Reforms and Challenges

    Despite its comprehensive framework, challenges include inadequate enforcement and gaps in transparency. Ongoing reforms aim to address these issues, such as the 2023 proposal for online voter registration to enhance accessibility.

    In summary, the Representation of the People Act establishes a robust framework for electoral integrity, though ongoing reforms are necessary to address emerging challenges.

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Rohit Sharma
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Rohit SharmaLearner
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
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Examine the Representation of the People Act’s requirements for qualifying and disqualifying candidates for state and federal legislative elections. Examine the grounds for disqualification, including the office of profit, insolvency, and criminal convictions, and how these affect the representativeness of ...

upsc: elections & representation of people’s act
  1. Sanje Kamran
    Sanje Kamran Begginer

    The Representation of the People Act, 1951 is a seminal piece of legislation in India that regulates the conduct of elections to the Parliament and state legislatures. One of its key provisions deals with the qualification and disqualification of candidates for these elections. The Act sets out theRead more

    The Representation of the People Act, 1951 is a seminal piece of legislation in India that regulates the conduct of elections to the Parliament and state legislatures. One of its key provisions deals with the qualification and disqualification of candidates for these elections. The Act sets out the grounds on which a person can be disqualified from contesting an election.

    **Qualification:**

    To be eligible to contest an election to the Parliament or a state legislature, a person must:

    1. Be a citizen of India
    2. Not be less than 25 years old (30 years for the Lok Sabha)
    3. Be registered as a voter in the constituency
    4. Not have been convicted for an electoral offense
    5. Not have been disqualified by any other law

    **Disqualification:**

    A person can be disqualified from contesting an election if they:

    1. **Have been convicted of an electoral offense:** If a person has been convicted of an electoral offense, such as bribery or intimidation, they can be disqualified from contesting an election.
    2. **Are insolvent:** If a person is insolvent, they can be disqualified from contesting an election.
    3. **Hold office of profit:** If a person holds an office of profit under the government, they can be disqualified from contesting an election.
    4. **Have been sentenced to imprisonment:** If a person has been sentenced to imprisonment for a period of two years or more, they can be disqualified from contesting an election.
    5. **Have corruptly given or received any pecuniary advantage:** If a person has corruptly given or received any pecuniary advantage, they can be disqualified from contesting an election.

    **Impact on representativeness:**

    The grounds for disqualification have a significant impact on the representativeness of elected bodies. Here are some potential consequences:

    1. **Lack of representation for marginalized groups:** The disqualification of candidates with criminal convictions or insolvency can reduce the representation of marginalized groups, such as Dalits and women, who may be more likely to face these issues.
    2. **Homogenization of politics:** The disqualification of candidates with diverse backgrounds and experiences can lead to a homogenization of politics, making it harder for fresh voices and perspectives to enter the political arena.
    3. **Wealthier candidates may have an advantage:** The disqualification of insolvent candidates may give an advantage to wealthier candidates who do not face financial difficulties, potentially reducing the representation of ordinary citizens.
    4. **Limited options for corruption-free politics:** The disqualification of candidates with corrupt records may lead to a shortage of clean and corruption-free politicians, making it harder for voters to choose between different candidates.

    **Reforms:**

    To address these issues, reforms are needed to ensure that the grounds for disqualification are fair and reasonable. Some potential reforms include:

    1. **Reducing the scope of disqualification:** Narrowing the scope of disqualification to only the most serious offenses could help increase representation and diversity in elected bodies.
    2. **Providing opportunities for rehabilitation:** Allowing individuals who have committed electoral offenses to rehabilitate themselves through community service or other means could help reduce recidivism and increase representation.
    3. **Increasing transparency and accountability:** Improving transparency and accountability in political finance and governance could help reduce corruption and increase public trust in political institutions.
    4. **Promoting women’s and marginalized groups’ participation:** Implementing policies like reserved seats or quotas for women and marginalized groups could increase their representation in elected bodies.

    In conclusion, the Representation of the People Act plays a crucial role in regulating elections in India. While its provisions are designed to ensure fair elections, they can also have unintended consequences that impact the representativeness of elected bodies. By understanding these implications and implementing reforms, India can work towards creating a more inclusive and representative democracy.

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Sujata Gautam
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Sujata GautamBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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Examine and evaluate the Representation of the People Act’s proportional representation system for selecting Rajya Sabha members. Talk about the justification for this system, the standards used to assign seats, and the difficulties it presents for the legislative body’s accountability ...

upsc: elections & representation of people’s act
  1. Vihaan Nair
    Vihaan Nair Learner

    The system of proportional representation for the election of members to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India, is outlined in the Representation of the People Act. Let's analyze this system, including the rationale behind it, the criteria for seat allocation, and the challengeRead more

    The system of proportional representation for the election of members to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India, is outlined in the Representation of the People Act. Let’s analyze this system, including the rationale behind it, the criteria for seat allocation, and the challenges it poses for the representativeness and accountability of the legislative body.

    Rationale behind Proportional Representation:
    The rationale behind adopting proportional representation for the Rajya Sabha is to ensure that the composition of the house reflects the political diversity and regional interests of the states in India. It aims to provide a platform for states to have their voices heard at the national level and promote federalism.
    Criteria for Seat Allocation:
    a. State Representation: The Rajya Sabha consists of members elected by the members of State Legislative Assemblies (SLAs). The number of seats allocated to each state is determined based on its population and other factors such as area, revenue, and special needs.
    b. Quota System: Each state has a fixed number of seats in the Rajya Sabha, and these seats are allocated proportionally among different political parties based on their representation in the SLAs. This ensures that parties with significant support in a state get representation in the Rajya Sabha.

    c. Single Transferable Vote: The election process for Rajya Sabha members follows the system of Single Transferable Vote (STV). Under this system, members of the SLAs cast their votes, and if a candidate obtains the required quota of votes, they are declared elected. If no candidate reaches the quota, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated, and their votes are transferred to the next preference marked by the voters.

    Challenges for Representativeness and Accountability:
    a. Indirect Election: The system of proportional representation in the Rajya Sabha involves an indirect election process where SLA members vote on behalf of the electorate. This can lead to a disconnect between voters and representatives, as citizens do not directly elect members to the upper house. It raises questions about the direct accountability of Rajya Sabha members to the public.
    b. Lack of Direct Regional Representation: While proportional representation ensures party representation based on the share of votes, it may not guarantee direct regional representation. The allocation of seats based on population and other factors may not fully capture the diverse regional interests and concerns of all states, particularly those with smaller populations.

    c. Influence of Party Leadership: The selection of candidates for Rajya Sabha elections is often influenced by party leadership. This can limit the autonomy of state legislators in choosing representatives based on regional or local interests. The party’s central leadership may prioritize political considerations over regional representation.

    d. Stability of Representation: Unlike the Lok Sabha (lower house), where representatives face direct elections at regular intervals, Rajya Sabha members have staggered terms. This can lead to a more stable composition of the house, which may limit the ability to reflect changing political dynamics and public sentiment.

    It is worth noting that the Rajya Sabha serves as a revising and deliberative chamber, and its role is distinct from the directly elected Lok Sabha. The system of proportional representation in the Rajya Sabha attempts to strike a balance between regional representation and party representation. However, the challenges it poses in terms of representativeness, accountability, and direct regional representation should be considered in ongoing discussions on electoral reforms to ensure an effective and responsive legislative system.

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