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Economy of India
Globalization Affects How India Runs Its Economy Globalization brought India into global economic markets and now impacts its economy. Since the 1991 economic reforms India has seen a major rise in foreign capital investments that support industrial growth and technological progress. By growing expoRead more
Globalization Affects How India Runs Its Economy
Globalization brought India into global economic markets and now impacts its economy. Since the 1991 economic reforms India has seen a major rise in foreign capital investments that support industrial growth and technological progress. By growing exports in IT services and other products India earns foreign currency that drives higher GDP and employs more people. Since the global opening the local businesses confront business cycle risks plus endure damage from world-wide economic downturns and geopolitical conflicts. —-
Major Economic Struggles of Current India
1. Unemployment: A rising number of workers faces economic challenges especially in small business areas and rural communities.
2. Inflation: Higher costs of food and fuel heavily affect both family purchasing habits and purchasing power.
3. Income Inequality: People have unequal access to wealth while growth benefits stay distributed among few individuals.
4. Agricultural Distress: Farmers depend solely on monsoon rains for farming and struggle under low productivity and deep financial debt.
5. Environmental Challenges: When industries develop they cause environmental problems by polluting air and soil while using up natural resources.
See lessDiscuss the institutional and policy changes that have driven defense indigenization, domestic capital procurement, and defense exports in India. What measures has the Government taken in this regard, and what challenges still remain?
Model Answer India's defense sector has seen significant changes through strategic institutional and policy measures that have facilitated indigenization, domestic capital procurement, and defense exports. 1. Defense Indigenization: The Government of India has taken several steps to reduce relianceRead more
Model Answer
India’s defense sector has seen significant changes through strategic institutional and policy measures that have facilitated indigenization, domestic capital procurement, and defense exports.
1. Defense Indigenization:
The Government of India has taken several steps to reduce reliance on imports and foster indigenization:
2. Domestic Capital Procurement:
India has allocated significant resources to support domestic defense industry growth:
3. Defense Exports:
India has actively promoted defense exports, resulting in a 32.5% year-on-year growth in 2023-24:
Challenges Remaining: Despite these efforts, challenges persist:
Addressing these challenges will require further collaboration between the government, industry, and academia, with enhanced investments in R&D and skill development.
Highlights
- Policy Measures: DPP 2016, DAP 2020, and initiatives for indigenization and procurement from startups.
- Growth in Exports: 32.5% increase in exports in 2023-24, supported by simplified processes and international promotions.
- Challenges: Production limitations, technological gaps, private sector involvement, and skilled labor shortages.
See lessWhat role do agricultural cooperatives play in boosting farmers' income, promoting agricultural exports, and strengthening the rural economy in India?
Model Answer 1. Boosting Farmers' Income Bargaining Power: By joining cooperatives, farmers can collectively negotiate contracts, stabilizing prices and ensuring consistent sales. This reduces their vulnerability to price volatility. For example, NAFED helps stabilize prices and supports market inteRead more
Model Answer
1. Boosting Farmers’ Income
2. Promoting Agricultural Exports
3. Strengthening the Rural Economy
Challenges
Despite these benefits, challenges like politicization, mismanagement of funds, and lack of technical expertise hinder the effectiveness of agricultural cooperatives. Government initiatives like the Krishak Dirghawadhi Punji Sahakar Yojana aim to address these issues by providing long-term credit to cooperatives.
Key Highlights:
Agricultural cooperatives play a pivotal role in transforming rural India, but overcoming challenges is essential for maximizing their potential.
See lessWhat are the potential benefits and challenges of utilizing inland waterways as an alternative mode of transportation in India?
Model Answer Prospects of Inland Waterways in India Reduction in Transportation Cost: Inland waterways offer a cost-effective alternative to road and rail transport. According to a study, one liter of fuel can move 24 tons of cargo for 1 km on roads, 95 km on rail, and 215 km on inland waterways, hiRead more
Model Answer
Prospects of Inland Waterways in India
Challenges of Inland Waterways in India
In conclusion, while inland waterways have substantial potential in reducing costs and enhancing economic integration, addressing connectivity, depth issues, and port infrastructure is crucial for realizing their full potential.
See lessIs there a need for a new industrial policy in light of the central role played by the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme?
Model Answer Introduction The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme has been a game-changer in strengthening India's manufacturing sector, attracting both domestic and foreign investments. However, despite its success, the need for a comprehensive industrial policy remains critical to ensure sustRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme has been a game-changer in strengthening India’s manufacturing sector, attracting both domestic and foreign investments. However, despite its success, the need for a comprehensive industrial policy remains critical to ensure sustained and inclusive industrial growth. Below is an assessment of the role of the PLI scheme and the necessity for a new industrial policy.
Role of the PLI Scheme
Example: Electronics, automobiles, and textiles are all major sectors benefitting from the PLI scheme.
Need for a New Industrial Policy
While the PLI scheme has delivered impressive results, a new industrial policy is crucial to address broader and long-term challenges:
Conclusion
While the PLI scheme is an important tool for boosting India’s manufacturing sector, a new industrial policy is essential to provide a broader, more inclusive, and sustainable framework for industrial development. Instead of replacing the PLI, the new policy can complement it, focusing on long-term strategic goals and addressing areas that the PLI does not cover.
See lessWhat role does the 'One Nation-One Ration Card' scheme play in ensuring food security for vulnerable populations in India, and what challenges need to be addressed for its successful implementation?
Model Answer The 'One Nation-One Ration Card' (ONORC) scheme plays a crucial role in ensuring food security for vulnerable populations in India by improving the portability and efficiency of the Public Distribution System (PDS). Role of ONORC in Ensuring Food Security Portability of PDS Benefits: ONRead more
Model Answer
The ‘One Nation-One Ration Card’ (ONORC) scheme plays a crucial role in ensuring food security for vulnerable populations in India by improving the portability and efficiency of the Public Distribution System (PDS).
Role of ONORC in Ensuring Food Security
Portability of PDS Benefits: ONORC allows over 67 million migrant households to access PDS benefits at any Fair Price Shop (FPS) across the country. This is especially beneficial for migrant workers and their families, who often face difficulty in accessing food entitlements due to migration.
Elimination of Fake & Duplicate Ration Cards: The scheme uses Aadhaar-based biometric authentication, which significantly reduces fraud, duplicate cards, and leakages in the system. This ensures that the rations reach the intended beneficiaries.
Choice and Convenience: Beneficiaries can choose any FPS that suits them, enabling them to avoid corrupt or inefficient dealers. This gives families flexibility and ensures that they can access their entitlements easily.
Mera Ration App: The mobile application allows beneficiaries to register online, check their entitlements, locate nearby FPSs, and verify their Aadhaar seeding status, improving accessibility and transparency.
Challenges to Successful Implementation
Lack of Awareness: Despite the benefits, 20% of eligible households did not know they could use the portability feature. This lack of awareness hampers the full potential of ONORC.
Technical Issues: The scheme relies heavily on technology, and problems like poor internet connectivity, device failure, and glitches in biometric authentication can cause inconvenience. 57% of dealers reported issues like poor connectivity, leading to refusal of service.
Supply Chain Challenges: 32% of PDS dealers reported stockouts, as the portability feature leads to an unpredictable demand at FPSs. This creates challenges in managing the supply of food grains.
Under-coverage and Aadhaar Seeding Issues: The 2011 census for NFSA eligibility excludes many low-income households, while problems with Aadhaar seeding (such as name mismatches) prevent some individuals, especially divorced women, from accessing their rations.
To achieve SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) by 2030, overcoming these challenges is crucial for ensuring the success of ONORC and securing food access for vulnerable populations.
See lessWhat role do Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) play as an investment model for infrastructure development in India? Why are PPPs not a one-size-fits-all solution to all infrastructure-related performance challenges?
Model Answer Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are collaborative agreements between the government and private sector entities aimed at financing, building, and operating infrastructure projects. This model plays a vital role in India's infrastructure development: Mobilizing Funding: PPPs attract pRead more
Model Answer
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are collaborative agreements between the government and private sector entities aimed at financing, building, and operating infrastructure projects. This model plays a vital role in India’s infrastructure development:
Challenges with PPPs
Despite their advantages, PPPs are not a universal solution to all infrastructure challenges:
In conclusion, while PPPs play a crucial role in infrastructure development, their success depends on careful project selection, robust regulation, and aligning with public interests and sustainability goals.
See lessHow can the integration of solar energy with farming, known as agrivoltaics, revolutionize Indian agriculture?
Model Answer 1. Efficient Use of Agricultural Land: Agrivoltaics allows farmers to use the same land for both crop production and solar energy generation, optimizing space and resource utilization. For instance, in the Vidarbha region, a six-acre agrivoltaic system combined with a 100MW solar instalRead more
Model Answer
1. Efficient Use of Agricultural Land:
Agrivoltaics allows farmers to use the same land for both crop production and solar energy generation, optimizing space and resource utilization. For instance, in the Vidarbha region, a six-acre agrivoltaic system combined with a 100MW solar installation allowed farmers to continue regular agricultural activities while producing renewable energy.
2. Enhanced Agricultural Productivity:
The shade provided by solar panels helps create a microclimate that reduces plant stress, especially in areas with intense sunlight. A study in Greece found that solar panels reduced net radiation by 44% and wind speed by 38%, leading to a cooler environment that could potentially increase crop yields.
3. Water Conservation:
Solar panels reduce water evaporation, thereby conserving water for irrigation. At Oregon State University, agrivoltaics improved water conservation by 328%, showing how this system can drastically reduce the water needed for crop irrigation in water-scarce regions.
4. Additional Income for Farmers:
Agrivoltaics can generate additional revenue streams for farmers by allowing them to sell surplus electricity. For example, in Vidarbha, a solar system generated $27,655 annually from excess electricity sold back to the grid, offering farmers a sustainable financial boost.
5. Reducing the Carbon Footprint:
By generating clean, renewable energy, agrivoltaics reduces the reliance on fossil fuels and helps cut greenhouse gas emissions. This contributes significantly to climate change mitigation.
6. Enhanced Agricultural Resilience:
Solar panels provide protection against extreme weather conditions such as hailstorms, enhancing agricultural resilience. Agrivoltaics also contributes to powering essential farm facilities like cold storage units and irrigation systems.
Incorporating agrivoltaics into Indian farming could ensure a sustainable future for agriculture while improving food security and environmental sustainability.
Highlights:
- Efficient Land Use: Simultaneous crop production and solar generation (Vidarbha case).
- Enhanced Productivity: Cooler microclimates boost yields.
- Water Conservation: 328% improvement at Oregon State University.
- Additional Income: $27,655 annually from surplus electricity (Vidarbha).
- Reduced Carbon Footprint: Helps cut GHG emissions.
- Resilience: Protects crops from extreme weather.
- Improved Irrigation: Daytime power for irrigation.
See lessHow can India's traditional knowledge provide solutions for promoting sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation? Illustrate with examples
Model Answer India's agriculture sector, contributing 14% to the country's GHG emissions, faces significant challenges. However, traditional knowledge offers sustainable solutions for promoting environmental conservation and agricultural resilience. These age-old practices, rooted in local ecosystemRead more
Model Answer
India’s agriculture sector, contributing 14% to the country’s GHG emissions, faces significant challenges. However, traditional knowledge offers sustainable solutions for promoting environmental conservation and agricultural resilience. These age-old practices, rooted in local ecosystems, can contribute to more sustainable farming practices.
1. Effective Resource Management
Traditional knowledge emphasizes efficient resource management, such as the Kaipad system in Kerala. This unique fish-farming technique uses tidal water for irrigation while integrating rice and fish farming, promoting a balanced ecosystem. This system ensures optimal use of water resources while maintaining agricultural productivity.
2. Rainwater Harvesting
In the face of depleting groundwater resources, traditional rainwater harvesting systems offer a sustainable solution. One notable example is the Zabo System of Nagaland, where a protected forest area on top of a hill collects rainwater, which is then stored in tanks and used for irrigation in the paddy fields below. This system helps conserve water and supports agricultural sustainability.
3. Food Security
Traditional agricultural practices help preserve local ecosystems and enhance food security. The Bari system of Assam, a home garden method, utilizes kitchen waste and fallen tree leaves as manure to grow local crops like jackfruit, banana, and mango. This promotes biodiversity and supports local food systems.
4. Organic Manure
In regions like Kerala, traditional knowledge has fostered the use of organic manure, where farmers mix cow dung, used fuel wood ash, and coconut fiber waste to create chemical-free fertilizers. This practice promotes soil health and reduces reliance on synthetic chemicals.
5. Crop Diversification and Pest Management
The Baranaja system, practiced in the Himalayas, involves growing diverse crops without pesticides, promoting biodiversity and protecting crops from extreme climatic events. Additionally, natural pest management methods, such as using neem-based pesticides, reduce the dependence on harmful chemicals and enhance sustainability.
Conclusion
Reviving and integrating India’s traditional knowledge systems into modern agricultural practices can play a crucial role in enhancing sustainability, protecting the environment, and securing food supplies in the face of climate change. These methods offer valuable lessons for building a more resilient agricultural system.
See lessHow can digital technology contribute to transforming animal husbandry in India?
Model Answer India is a global leader in livestock production, being the largest producer of milk and buffalo meat, the second largest producer of goat meat, and the third largest in egg production. Digital technology can significantly enhance the productivity and sustainability of animal husbandryRead more
Model Answer
India is a global leader in livestock production, being the largest producer of milk and buffalo meat, the second largest producer of goat meat, and the third largest in egg production. Digital technology can significantly enhance the productivity and sustainability of animal husbandry in the country.
Precision Nutrition
Digital technology enables precision livestock farming, using tools like IoT devices, smart feeders, and nutritional apps to optimize animal feeding practices.
Better Farm Management
Technologies like sensors and big data analytics provide farmers with insights into animal health, behavior, and performance. This allows farmers to make data-driven decisions to improve their farming practices.
Improved Animal Health Management
Digital tools can provide real-time health insights throughout the animal’s lifecycle, helping ensure optimal feeding, health care, and harvest times.
Increased Reach and Market Access
Digital platforms like AgriMarketplace and FarmCrowdy connect farmers directly with consumers, bypassing middlemen. This ensures fair prices and expands market access.
Enhanced Reproductive Efficiency
Smart breeding programs help farmers detect heat and breed animals at the optimal times, which improves conception rates and reduces unsuccessful breeding attempts.
Conclusion
The integration of digital technologies in animal husbandry can revolutionize India’s livestock sector by improving productivity, enhancing animal health, and expanding market access. However, the successful implementation of these technologies requires robust digital infrastructure, reliable internet connectivity in rural areas, and effective training programs.
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