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Land Reforms

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Home/Agriculture & Food Management/Land Reforms/Page 4

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Anagha B
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Anagha BBegginer
Asked: July 12, 2024In:
  • 3

The Kerala model highlights an economy with spectacular developments in the social sector without having a good economic backup. Land reform was undertaken more effectively in Kerala. Land reform in kerala imparted drastic changes to the economic outlook.

  1. Kamini g
    Kamini g Learner

    The Land Reform Act in Kerala played a crucial role in shaping the state's economic and social landscape, contributing significantly to what is known as the "Kerala Model of Development." Here are the key impacts of the Land Reform Act on the Kerala Model of Economics: 1.Redistribution of Land: TheRead more

    The Land Reform Act in Kerala played a crucial role in shaping the state’s economic and social landscape, contributing significantly to what is known as the “Kerala Model of Development.” Here are the key impacts of the Land Reform Act on the Kerala Model of Economics:

    1.Redistribution of Land:

    The Land Reform Act aimed to redistribute land from large landowners (often landlords) to landless agricultural laborers and poor farmers. This redistribution helped in reducing land inequality and creating a more equitable distribution of agricultural resources.

    2.Improvement in Agricultural Productivity:

    By redistributing land to small farmers and agricultural laborers who previously had limited access to land, the Land Reform Act contributed to an increase in agricultural productivity. Small farmers typically cultivate land more intensively and are motivated to invest in improving productivity.

    3.Poverty Reduction:

    The Land Reform Act played a role in reducing poverty in Kerala by providing land to landless laborers and farmers, thereby enabling them to generate income from agricultural activities. This increased economic opportunities and improved living standards for many rural households.

    4.Social Justice and Empowerment:

    The Act promoted social justice by addressing historical injustices related to land ownership. It empowered marginalized communities, including Dalits and other lower castes, by giving them access to land and thus enhancing their socio-economic status.

    5.Support for Welfare Measures:

    The land reforms complemented Kerala’s focus on social welfare measures such as education, healthcare, and social security. Land ownership provided a base for rural households to participate more actively in development programs and benefit from public services.

    6.Role in Human Development Indices:

    The equitable distribution of land contributed to Kerala achieving high levels of human development, as evidenced by its high literacy rates, life expectancy, and low infant mortality rates. Land ownership provided a foundation for rural families to invest in education and healthcare for their children.

    7.Political Impact:

    The implementation of land reforms in Kerala was supported by a politically active population and progressive governments. This political will to enforce and protect land reforms contributed to their success and sustained impact on the state’s development model.

    In essence, the Land Reform Act in Kerala was a cornerstone of the state’s economic development strategy, promoting agrarian reforms, reducing inequality, empowering marginalized communities, and contributing to overall human development. It played a pivotal role in shaping the unique socio-economic framework known as the Kerala Model of Economics, which emphasizes social welfare, equitable development, and human development indices alongside economic growth.

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Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: September 10, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Define the LARR Act Briefly explain the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act (LARR) 2013 and its implementation date (1st January 2014). Thesis Statement Introduce the purpose of the Act: to address historical ...

upsc: land reforms
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act (LARR) 2013 replaced the outdated Land Acquisition Act of 1894. This new legislation aims to address historical injustices related to land acquisition, focusing on fairRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act (LARR) 2013 replaced the outdated Land Acquisition Act of 1894. This new legislation aims to address historical injustices related to land acquisition, focusing on fair compensation, rehabilitation, and resettlement for affected individuals.

    Key Issues Addressed by the Act

    1. Rehabilitation and Resettlement
      • The LARR Act mandates provisions for the rehabilitation and resettlement of individuals displaced by land acquisition, a significant improvement over the previous law.
    2. Consent Requirements
      • The Act requires the consent of 80% of landowners for private projects and 70% for Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects, ensuring greater community involvement.
    3. Increased Compensation
      • Compensation is set at 4 times the market rate for rural land and 2 times for urban land, providing more equitable compensation for affected individuals.
    4. Social Impact Assessment (SIA)
      • The introduction of SIA evaluates the potential impacts of land acquisition on various social groups, promoting informed decision-making.
    5. Restrictions on Agricultural Land Acquisition
      • The Act restricts the acquisition of irrigated multi-cropped land, addressing concerns about the loss of agricultural land.
    6. Special Safeguards for Tribal Communities
      • The Act includes provisions to protect the rights of tribal communities, aiming to prevent displacement without proper compensation.

    Implications for Industrialization and Agriculture

    1. Delays in Project Implementation
      • The requirement for SIA and community consent can lead to delays in industrial projects, potentially hindering economic growth.
    2. Economic Viability
      • Higher compensation rates may affect the financial viability of industrial and infrastructure projects, making them less attractive to investors.
    3. Positive Impact on Agriculture
      • Restrictions on the acquisition of agricultural land and the requirement for equivalent land cultivation elsewhere can help preserve agricultural viability.
    4. Adverse Effects on Infrastructure Development
      • Delays in acquiring land for essential infrastructure projects may negatively impact agricultural growth and rural development.
    5. Exemptions for Major Activities
      • Certain industrial activities, like mining, are exempt from the LARR Act, leading to an uneven impact across sectors.

    Conclusion

    The LARR Act of 2013 aims to uphold citizens’ fundamental right to livelihood by ensuring fair compensation and rehabilitation in land acquisition processes. While it addresses critical issues related to displacement and compensation, it also presents challenges for industrialization and agricultural growth that need careful consideration.

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Firoj dud
  • 0
Firoj dudBegginer
Asked: June 29, 2024In:
  • 0

What does India’s modernization of land records mean? Describe the National Generic Document Registration System’s (NGDRS) features in this context. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: land reforms
  1. Nandani Naina
    Nandani Naina Begginer

    In recent years, India has taken proactive steps to modernize land records under the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP), 2008 to create an integrated land management system. The purpose and rationale behind land modernization is to usher in a system of updated land records,Read more

    In recent years, India has taken proactive steps to modernize land records under the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP), 2008 to create an integrated land management system. The purpose and rationale behind land modernization is to usher in a system of updated land records, automated and automatic mutation, integration between textual and spatial records, inter-connectivity between revenue and registration, to replace the present deeds registration and presumptive title system with that of conclusive titling with title guarantee.
    Significance of land record modernization in India

    • Better credit delivery in rural areas: Creation of vast bankable assets across rural India can help in credit growth, especially in agriculture and MSME sectors.
    • Reduced litigation: Enhanced transparency in the land records maintenance system will minimize the scope of land disputes.
    • Infrastructure: Facilitates development of new infrastructure by easing the process of land acquisition and rehabilitation and settlement of compensation claims.
    • Revenue Generation: Enhanced local revenues through improved property tax billing and collection of stamp duty.
    • Enhanced efficiency of policy making: Digitization will help improve policy makers to make informed decisions regarding land value assessment, land use planning, environmental protection and resource management.
    • Check on fraudulent transactions: Generation of black money through Benami transactions could be preempted and eliminated by the digitization of land records and their regular updation.
    • Others: Easy disbursal of benefits of welfare schemes implemented by Central and State Governments such as crop insurance, grant of agricultural subsidy etc.

    In view of this, the National Generic Document Registration System (NGDRS) was developed as a common, generic and configurable application for the execution of land registration documents across the country. It has been initiated by the Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development. As many as 28 States / UTs have adopted the National Generic Document Registration System (NGDRS) for Land Records.
    Key Features:

    • Functions: The application is specifically designed for the use of sub registrars, citizens and apex users from registration departments.
      • NGDRS facilitates states to create state specific instances and configure the software as per requirements.
      • Offering a complete user interface for property and document registration, the application enables citizens to proceed with land buying online.
      • They can find out the circle rate for land, calculate property valuation as per prevailing rates and understand the type of land.
    • Decision Making: Transactions of prohibited properties that are restricted for sale like government land, tribal land, mortgaged land etc., is also available, which ultimately helps users to decide where and what type of land they should buy.
    • Increased productivity: Property buyers need to visit the sub-registrar’s office only once and that too at the time of final signing and registration. This entire workflow has not only proved to be beneficial for citizens but has also increased productivity of the department staff.
    • Others: Other features include citizen’s registration to access the system, online valuation module with stamp duty calculation, e-KYC using UID based authentication etc.
      • The National Generic Document Registration System has now moved a step ahead by introducing data analytics and blockchain technology.

    It is a crucial step towards achieving efficient and equitable land governance, fostering sustainable development, and empowering individuals and communities. Thus, the land modernisation project must be implemented in full letter as well as spirit to reap its ultimate potential.

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Dolly Mehara
  • 0
Dolly MeharaLearner
Asked: June 26, 2024In:
  • 0

Outlining the problems with land records that exist now in India, talk about how definitive land titling and land record digitization can assist solve them. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: land reforms
  1. Rajesh Meena
    Rajesh Meena Begginer

    Land records consist of various types of information (property maps, sale deeds, etc.) and are maintained across different departments at the district or village levels. These departments work in silos and give rise to various issues, such as: Absence of a nationwide template: Land records are maintRead more

    Land records consist of various types of information (property maps, sale deeds, etc.) and are maintained across different departments at the district or village levels.

    These departments work in silos and give rise to various issues, such as:

    • Absence of a nationwide template: Land records are maintained by different departments in each state. It becomes strenuous to ensure that all such records in all the departments are updated and the details mentioned in one department exactly correspond to the details. mentioned in other departments.
    • Lack of a single window title verification and investigation system: The presumption of land ownership is drawn from multiple documents and records, which are maintained by multiple departments, making it a very long and cumbersome process of title investigation.
    • Presumptive titling: Ownership is decided based on recent economic transactions, which are easy to fake and thus lead to land disputes and litigations.
    • Non-mandatory registration: Under the Registration Act, of 1908, registration of property is not mandatory for certain transactions, such as land acquisition by the government, heirship partitions, etc. Thus, several property divisions are not recorded and, hence, do not correctly reflect the ownership of the property.
    • Opaqueness in land leasing: The current system of land leasing does not enable tenants to access bank credit and prevents them from making investments in land improvement.

    The role of land record digitization and conclusive ‘land titling’ in addressing the above-mentioned issues are the following:

    • Increases transparency: Land record digitization and conclusive land titling will enable complete transparency and real-time updates in land titles since property records could be placed in the public domain.
    • Controls benami transactions: Benami transactions in land dealings could be pre-empted and eliminated by the digitization of land records and their regular updating.
    • One-stop solution: It will lead to the establishment of a single window title verification and investigation system, which will be easily accessible to professionals as well as to the general public, making the public documents “public” in the real sense.
    • Brings uniformity: Along with digitizing the land documents, the Central and state governments may take initiatives to maintain the land documents in a uniform manner and in a language that is understood nationwide.
    • Clear ownership: Unlike presumptive titling, where neither the government nor the legal framework guarantees the ownership title of the land, under a conclusive land titling system, land records designate actual ownership.
    • Easy bank credit: Conclusive land titling helps the rightful landowner easily avail credit from banks, as the government takes responsibility for the accuracy.

    In addition, addressing land record issues and the mammoth task of mapping and digitizing 800 million land parcels further needs Centre-state coordination, a structured timeline for dispute resolutions, an integrated repository of land records covering both urban and rural areas, etc. Recent initiatives like the Digital India Land Records Implementation Programme 2.0 and the mapping of land parcels in rural inhabited areas using drone technology are welcome steps towards land reforms.

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Jagdish Prasad
  • 0
Jagdish PrasadBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine how land fragmentation and shifting land-use patterns affect the sustainability and viability of agricultural businesses, especially for small and marginal farmers. Then, talk about the steps that need to be taken to overcome these obstacles.

upsc: land reforms
  1. Mihir Malhotra
    Mihir Malhotra Begginer

    Analyzing the Impact of Land Fragmentation and Changing Land-Use Patterns on Agricultural Viability and Sustainability 1. Introduction Land fragmentation and changing land-use patterns significantly impact the viability and sustainability of agricultural enterprises, particularly affecting small andRead more

    Analyzing the Impact of Land Fragmentation and Changing Land-Use Patterns on Agricultural Viability and Sustainability

    1. Introduction

    Land fragmentation and changing land-use patterns significantly impact the viability and sustainability of agricultural enterprises, particularly affecting small and marginal farmers. These issues influence productivity, resource management, and economic viability. This analysis explores these impacts and discusses measures needed to address the challenges posed by these factors.

    2. Impact of Land Fragmentation

    A. Reduced Operational Efficiency

    1. High Costs of Cultivation: Fragmented land holdings often result in higher operational costs due to inefficient use of resources. For example, a study in Uttar Pradesh found that small and marginal farmers with fragmented land had to spend more on irrigation and transportation, reducing their overall profitability.

    2. Limited Use of Modern Technology: Small and fragmented farms struggle to adopt modern farming technology and machinery, which requires larger, contiguous land areas. The Punjab government’s experience with the promotion of mechanized farming highlights how land fragmentation limits the adoption of such technology, affecting productivity.

    B. Decreased Productivity

    1. Inefficient Land Use: Fragmentation leads to inefficient land use, including difficulties in implementing crop rotation and mixed cropping. For instance, Kerala has faced challenges with fragmented holdings affecting the implementation of systematic crop rotation, leading to soil degradation and reduced yields.

    2. Soil Degradation: Fragmented lands often face issues like soil erosion and loss of fertility due to inadequate land management practices. Himachal Pradesh, with its small and fragmented holdings, has experienced soil erosion problems impacting agricultural productivity.

    C. Increased Vulnerability

    1. Exposure to Market Fluctuations: Small, fragmented farms are more vulnerable to market fluctuations and price volatility, affecting their financial stability. Madhya Pradesh has seen small farmers struggling with fluctuating prices due to their inability to scale up production efficiently.

    2. Difficulty in Accessing Credit: Fragmented land holdings can hinder access to credit, as financial institutions prefer larger, more stable land holdings for loan approval. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) has identified this as a barrier to agricultural financing for small farmers.

    3. Impact of Changing Land-Use Patterns

    A. Shift to Non-Agricultural Uses

    1. Urbanization and Industrialization: Rapid urbanization and industrialization lead to the conversion of agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes. For instance, Delhi-NCR has experienced significant loss of agricultural land to urban expansion, affecting local food production and increasing the pressure on remaining agricultural land.

    2. Loss of Agricultural Land: Changing land-use patterns result in the loss of fertile agricultural land, reducing the area available for farming. Kolkata and its surroundings have witnessed a reduction in agricultural land due to urban sprawl, impacting local food security.

    B. Impact on Agricultural Sustainability

    1. Resource Depletion: Intensive land use for non-agricultural purposes can lead to depletion of natural resources. In Maharashtra, the shift to industrial use in rural areas has resulted in groundwater depletion, affecting nearby agricultural activities.

    2. Biodiversity Loss: Changing land-use patterns can lead to a loss of biodiversity, which impacts agricultural sustainability. Uttarakhand has seen declines in native species due to changes in land use, affecting ecosystem services that support agriculture.

    4. Measures to Address These Challenges

    A. Land Consolidation and Management

    1. Implementing Land Consolidation Programs: Consolidating fragmented land holdings can improve efficiency and productivity. The Uttar Pradesh Land Consolidation Scheme aims to reorganize fragmented lands, making it easier for farmers to adopt modern practices and technologies.

    2. Promoting Cooperative Farming: Encouraging cooperative farming models can help small farmers pool resources and share technology. The Amul cooperative model in Gujarat has shown how cooperative farming can enhance productivity and sustainability.

    B. Sustainable Land-Use Planning

    1. Zoning and Land-Use Regulation: Implementing zoning regulations can help manage urban expansion and protect agricultural land. The National Capital Region Planning Board (NCRPB) has developed land-use plans to control urban sprawl and protect agricultural areas in the Delhi-NCR region.

    2. Supporting Sustainable Practices: Promoting sustainable agricultural practices, such as agroforestry and organic farming, can help mitigate the effects of land-use changes. The Himachal Pradesh Organic Farming Policy supports sustainable practices to maintain soil health and productivity.

    C. Financial and Technical Support

    1. Access to Credit and Insurance: Improving access to credit and insurance for small and marginal farmers can enhance their resilience. The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) provides crop insurance to protect farmers against losses due to adverse conditions.

    2. Technical Training and Extension Services: Providing technical training and extension services helps farmers adapt to changing conditions. The National Agricultural Extension Services Project (NAESP) offers training and support to farmers for adopting modern and sustainable practices.

    D. Policy Reforms

    1. Revising Land Tenure Policies: Revising land tenure policies to secure land rights and promote efficient land use can support agricultural sustainability. The Model Agricultural Land Leasing Act, 2016, aims to provide a legal framework for land leasing, enhancing land utilization.

    2. Encouraging Multi-Use Land Policies: Developing policies that balance agricultural and non-agricultural land uses can help maintain agricultural viability. Kerala’s land-use policies aim to integrate agricultural and developmental needs, ensuring sustainable land management.

    5. Conclusion

    Land fragmentation and changing land-use patterns present significant challenges to the viability and sustainability of agricultural enterprises, especially for small and marginal farmers. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach, including land consolidation, sustainable land-use planning, financial support, and policy reforms. By implementing these measures, it is possible to enhance agricultural productivity, ensure resource sustainability, and support the economic well-being of farmers.

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Jagdish Prasad
  • 0
Jagdish PrasadBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine the possible synergies and trade-offs between these goals in the design and implementation of the land reform measures. Discuss how the land reform policies align with the larger development objectives, such as food security, natural resource management, and climate ...

upsc: land reforms
  1. Manan Deshmukh
    Manan Deshmukh Begginer

    Aligning Land Reform Policies with Development Objectives Land reform policies in India have far-reaching implications for the country's broader development objectives, including food security, natural resource management, and climate change adaptation. Let's discuss the alignment of these policiesRead more

    Aligning Land Reform Policies with Development Objectives

    Land reform policies in India have far-reaching implications for the country’s broader development objectives, including food security, natural resource management, and climate change adaptation. Let’s discuss the alignment of these policies and analyze the potential synergies and trade-offs in their design and implementation.

    1. Food Security and Land Reform

    • Equitable Land Distribution: Land reform measures aimed at redistributing land and ensuring more equitable access to productive resources can contribute to increased agricultural productivity and improved food security.
    • Tenant Farmer Empowerment: Policies that protect the rights of tenant farmers and ensure their access to land can incentivize investment in agriculture and enhance food production.
    • Recent Example: The implementation of the West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955, led to the redistribution of land and the empowerment of sharecroppers, contributing to increased food grain production in the state.

    2. Natural Resource Management and Land Reform

    • Sustainable Land-Use Practices: Land reform policies that promote sustainable land-use practices, such as agroforestry and organic farming, can enhance the management of natural resources and the conservation of ecosystems.
    • Community-Based Land Management: Policies that recognize and strengthen the rights of indigenous and local communities over their land and natural resources can foster better stewardship and sustainable management.
    • Recent Example: The Forest Rights Act, 2006, has recognized the rights of forest-dwelling communities over their traditional lands and resources, leading to improved forest conservation and management in some areas.

    3. Climate Change Adaptation and Land Reform

    • Resilient Agricultural Systems: Land reform policies that promote diversified and climate-resilient cropping patterns, as well as the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, can enhance the ability of farmers to adapt to the impacts of climate change.
    • Tenure Security and Investment: Secure land tenure and the protection of land rights can incentivize farmers to invest in long-term, climate-smart agricultural practices, such as soil conservation and water management.
    • Recent Example: The Andhra Pradesh Community-Managed Natural Farming initiative, which promotes the adoption of agroecological practices, has demonstrated the potential for land reform policies to support climate change adaptation.

    Synergies and Trade-offs in Land Reform Design and Implementation

    • Balancing Objectives: Policymakers must carefully consider the potential synergies and trade-offs between the various development objectives when designing and implementing land reform measures.
    • Participatory Approach: Involving stakeholders, including small and marginal farmers, indigenous communities, and local organizations, in the design and implementation of land reform policies can help identify and address potential conflicts.
    • Institutional Capacity and Coordination: Strengthening the institutional capacity and coordination across different government agencies and departments is crucial for the effective integration of land reform with broader development goals.

    Conclusion
    Aligning land reform policies with the larger development objectives of food security, natural resource management, and climate change adaptation is crucial for achieving sustainable and inclusive growth in India. By recognizing and leveraging the potential synergies between these objectives, and carefully addressing the trade-offs, policymakers can design and implement land reform measures that contribute to the overall wellbeing of rural communities and the nation as a whole.

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