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Land Reforms

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Home/Agriculture & Food Management/Land Reforms/Page 4

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Anagha B
  • 3
Anagha BBegginer
Asked: July 12, 2024In:
  • 3

The Kerala model highlights an economy with spectacular developments in the social sector without having a good economic backup. Land reform was undertaken more effectively in Kerala. Land reform in kerala imparted drastic changes to the economic outlook.

  1. Kamini g
    Kamini g Learner

    The Land Reform Act in Kerala played a crucial role in shaping the state's economic and social landscape, contributing significantly to what is known as the "Kerala Model of Development." Here are the key impacts of the Land Reform Act on the Kerala Model of Economics: 1.Redistribution of Land: TheRead more

    The Land Reform Act in Kerala played a crucial role in shaping the state’s economic and social landscape, contributing significantly to what is known as the “Kerala Model of Development.” Here are the key impacts of the Land Reform Act on the Kerala Model of Economics:

    1.Redistribution of Land:

    The Land Reform Act aimed to redistribute land from large landowners (often landlords) to landless agricultural laborers and poor farmers. This redistribution helped in reducing land inequality and creating a more equitable distribution of agricultural resources.

    2.Improvement in Agricultural Productivity:

    By redistributing land to small farmers and agricultural laborers who previously had limited access to land, the Land Reform Act contributed to an increase in agricultural productivity. Small farmers typically cultivate land more intensively and are motivated to invest in improving productivity.

    3.Poverty Reduction:

    The Land Reform Act played a role in reducing poverty in Kerala by providing land to landless laborers and farmers, thereby enabling them to generate income from agricultural activities. This increased economic opportunities and improved living standards for many rural households.

    4.Social Justice and Empowerment:

    The Act promoted social justice by addressing historical injustices related to land ownership. It empowered marginalized communities, including Dalits and other lower castes, by giving them access to land and thus enhancing their socio-economic status.

    5.Support for Welfare Measures:

    The land reforms complemented Kerala’s focus on social welfare measures such as education, healthcare, and social security. Land ownership provided a base for rural households to participate more actively in development programs and benefit from public services.

    6.Role in Human Development Indices:

    The equitable distribution of land contributed to Kerala achieving high levels of human development, as evidenced by its high literacy rates, life expectancy, and low infant mortality rates. Land ownership provided a foundation for rural families to invest in education and healthcare for their children.

    7.Political Impact:

    The implementation of land reforms in Kerala was supported by a politically active population and progressive governments. This political will to enforce and protect land reforms contributed to their success and sustained impact on the state’s development model.

    In essence, the Land Reform Act in Kerala was a cornerstone of the state’s economic development strategy, promoting agrarian reforms, reducing inequality, empowering marginalized communities, and contributing to overall human development. It played a pivotal role in shaping the unique socio-economic framework known as the Kerala Model of Economics, which emphasizes social welfare, equitable development, and human development indices alongside economic growth.

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Firoj dud
  • 0
Firoj dudBegginer
Asked: June 29, 2024In:
  • 0

What does India’s modernization of land records mean? Describe the National Generic Document Registration System’s (NGDRS) features in this context. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: land reforms
  1. Nandani Naina
    Nandani Naina Begginer

    In recent years, India has taken proactive steps to modernize land records under the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP), 2008 to create an integrated land management system. The purpose and rationale behind land modernization is to usher in a system of updated land records,Read more

    In recent years, India has taken proactive steps to modernize land records under the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP), 2008 to create an integrated land management system. The purpose and rationale behind land modernization is to usher in a system of updated land records, automated and automatic mutation, integration between textual and spatial records, inter-connectivity between revenue and registration, to replace the present deeds registration and presumptive title system with that of conclusive titling with title guarantee.
    Significance of land record modernization in India

    • Better credit delivery in rural areas: Creation of vast bankable assets across rural India can help in credit growth, especially in agriculture and MSME sectors.
    • Reduced litigation: Enhanced transparency in the land records maintenance system will minimize the scope of land disputes.
    • Infrastructure: Facilitates development of new infrastructure by easing the process of land acquisition and rehabilitation and settlement of compensation claims.
    • Revenue Generation: Enhanced local revenues through improved property tax billing and collection of stamp duty.
    • Enhanced efficiency of policy making: Digitization will help improve policy makers to make informed decisions regarding land value assessment, land use planning, environmental protection and resource management.
    • Check on fraudulent transactions: Generation of black money through Benami transactions could be preempted and eliminated by the digitization of land records and their regular updation.
    • Others: Easy disbursal of benefits of welfare schemes implemented by Central and State Governments such as crop insurance, grant of agricultural subsidy etc.

    In view of this, the National Generic Document Registration System (NGDRS) was developed as a common, generic and configurable application for the execution of land registration documents across the country. It has been initiated by the Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development. As many as 28 States / UTs have adopted the National Generic Document Registration System (NGDRS) for Land Records.
    Key Features:

    • Functions: The application is specifically designed for the use of sub registrars, citizens and apex users from registration departments.
      • NGDRS facilitates states to create state specific instances and configure the software as per requirements.
      • Offering a complete user interface for property and document registration, the application enables citizens to proceed with land buying online.
      • They can find out the circle rate for land, calculate property valuation as per prevailing rates and understand the type of land.
    • Decision Making: Transactions of prohibited properties that are restricted for sale like government land, tribal land, mortgaged land etc., is also available, which ultimately helps users to decide where and what type of land they should buy.
    • Increased productivity: Property buyers need to visit the sub-registrar’s office only once and that too at the time of final signing and registration. This entire workflow has not only proved to be beneficial for citizens but has also increased productivity of the department staff.
    • Others: Other features include citizen’s registration to access the system, online valuation module with stamp duty calculation, e-KYC using UID based authentication etc.
      • The National Generic Document Registration System has now moved a step ahead by introducing data analytics and blockchain technology.

    It is a crucial step towards achieving efficient and equitable land governance, fostering sustainable development, and empowering individuals and communities. Thus, the land modernisation project must be implemented in full letter as well as spirit to reap its ultimate potential.

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Dolly Mehara
  • 0
Dolly MeharaLearner
Asked: June 26, 2024In:
  • 0

Outlining the problems with land records that exist now in India, talk about how definitive land titling and land record digitization can assist solve them. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: land reforms
  1. Rajesh Meena
    Rajesh Meena Begginer

    Land records consist of various types of information (property maps, sale deeds, etc.) and are maintained across different departments at the district or village levels. These departments work in silos and give rise to various issues, such as: Absence of a nationwide template: Land records are maintRead more

    Land records consist of various types of information (property maps, sale deeds, etc.) and are maintained across different departments at the district or village levels.

    These departments work in silos and give rise to various issues, such as:

    • Absence of a nationwide template: Land records are maintained by different departments in each state. It becomes strenuous to ensure that all such records in all the departments are updated and the details mentioned in one department exactly correspond to the details. mentioned in other departments.
    • Lack of a single window title verification and investigation system: The presumption of land ownership is drawn from multiple documents and records, which are maintained by multiple departments, making it a very long and cumbersome process of title investigation.
    • Presumptive titling: Ownership is decided based on recent economic transactions, which are easy to fake and thus lead to land disputes and litigations.
    • Non-mandatory registration: Under the Registration Act, of 1908, registration of property is not mandatory for certain transactions, such as land acquisition by the government, heirship partitions, etc. Thus, several property divisions are not recorded and, hence, do not correctly reflect the ownership of the property.
    • Opaqueness in land leasing: The current system of land leasing does not enable tenants to access bank credit and prevents them from making investments in land improvement.

    The role of land record digitization and conclusive ‘land titling’ in addressing the above-mentioned issues are the following:

    • Increases transparency: Land record digitization and conclusive land titling will enable complete transparency and real-time updates in land titles since property records could be placed in the public domain.
    • Controls benami transactions: Benami transactions in land dealings could be pre-empted and eliminated by the digitization of land records and their regular updating.
    • One-stop solution: It will lead to the establishment of a single window title verification and investigation system, which will be easily accessible to professionals as well as to the general public, making the public documents “public” in the real sense.
    • Brings uniformity: Along with digitizing the land documents, the Central and state governments may take initiatives to maintain the land documents in a uniform manner and in a language that is understood nationwide.
    • Clear ownership: Unlike presumptive titling, where neither the government nor the legal framework guarantees the ownership title of the land, under a conclusive land titling system, land records designate actual ownership.
    • Easy bank credit: Conclusive land titling helps the rightful landowner easily avail credit from banks, as the government takes responsibility for the accuracy.

    In addition, addressing land record issues and the mammoth task of mapping and digitizing 800 million land parcels further needs Centre-state coordination, a structured timeline for dispute resolutions, an integrated repository of land records covering both urban and rural areas, etc. Recent initiatives like the Digital India Land Records Implementation Programme 2.0 and the mapping of land parcels in rural inhabited areas using drone technology are welcome steps towards land reforms.

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Gita Sharma
  • 0
Gita SharmaBegginer
Asked: June 26, 2024In:
  • 0

In India, eradicating poverty and promoting inclusive growth depend heavily on having access to and effective control over land. Give specifics. Talk about the current land reform policies that India has implemented to promote equitable growth. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: land reforms
  1. Meera Singh
    Meera Singh Begginer

    The Socio-Economic Caste Census of 2011, put the households with no land at 56.41 percent of total rural households. Similarly, the Draft National Land Reforms Policy released in July 2013 stated that 31 percent of all households are landless. Access to land and effective control over it is of fundaRead more

    The Socio-Economic Caste Census of 2011, put the households with no land at 56.41 percent of total rural households. Similarly, the Draft National Land Reforms Policy released in July 2013 stated that 31 percent of all households are landless. Access to land and effective control over it is of fundamental importance not only for economic growth but also for poverty eradication and inclusive growth in the following ways:

    • Reduction in poverty: Approximately 54.6 percent of the total workforce is engaged in agriculture and allied sectors. In this context:
      • Those without property rights generally lack the incentive or even the authority to invest in the land, which could lead to higher returns.
      • Secure land rights provide better credit accessibility and act as an insurance substitute in the event of shocks.
      • Research suggests that land ownership will create opportunities to increase investment in the development of children, which may help in breaking the inter-generational transmission of poverty.
    • Inclusive growth: It will help in eradicating socio-economic or productive exclusion by giving the owners assets in the form of land, which will create avenues of income generation for them.
      • Similarly, it will help empower women and marginalized sections of society if they get land ownership rights, as it would provide them a sense of security, a stronger voice in exercising their rights, and a buffer against economic and environmental shocks.

    Since independence, several measures such as the abolition of intermediaries, tenancy reforms, and ceilings on landholdings were adopted, and consolidation and distribution of landholdings were envisioned. In the past few years, India has taken the following land reform measures focussing on inclusive growth:

    • Digital India Land Record Modernisation Program (DILRMP): It was introduced in 2016 to computerize and update all land records and digitize maps and surveys. It aims to provide conclusive titles of land ownership, reduce disputes, and facilitate quicker transactions of land.
      • Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN) Scheme: Launched in 2021, under this scheme, a 14-digit identification number would be provided to every surveyed parcel of land.
    • SVAMITVA Scheme: It is a property survey program launched in 2020 to map residential land ownership in the rural sector using modern technology like drones. Recognized owners will be provided property cards.
    • The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act (LARR), 2013: The Act contains provisions to provide fair compensation to those whose land is taken away bring transparency to the process of acquisition of land to set up factories or buildings, infrastructural projects, and assures rehabilitation of those affected.
    • The Model Agricultural Land Leasing Act, 2016: It recognizes farmers who are cultivating on leased lands and enables loan accessibility to them through institutional credits.
    • The Draft Model Contract Farming Act, 2018: It aims to protect the interests of farmers through a forward contract. It also restricts the development of permanent structures on farmers’ land/premises. Further, it ensures that no right or title of interest of the land shall vest in the contract farming sponsor.

    Also, in this regard, the NITI Aayog has framed a Draft Model Act and Rules on Conclusive Land Titling in 2019, which is under discussion. Since the subject of ‘land’ and its management falls under the State List, the success and failures of land reforms lie on the state governments. State initiatives such as the Bhoomi project of Karnataka a successful examples, which can be replicated on a pan-India level.

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Ayushi jain
  • 0
Ayushi jainBegginer
Asked: June 19, 2024In:
  • 0

Although the digitalization of land records is a good thing, there are certain issues that must be resolved. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: land reforms
  1. Gitanjali Reena
    Gitanjali Reena Begginer

    Access to land is a critical factor for economic growth and poverty reduction. For government, industry, and citizens to be able to use this asset effectively and to minimize land conflicts, digitization can help by improving access to reliable land and property records. Advantages of digitization oRead more

    Access to land is a critical factor for economic growth and poverty reduction. For government, industry, and citizens to be able to use this asset effectively and to minimize land conflicts, digitization can help by improving access to reliable land and property records.

    Advantages of digitization of land records:

    • Reduction in litigations and burden of cases: A NITI Aayog paper suggests that land disputes on average take about 20 years to be resolved. Land disputes add to the burden of the courts and impact sectors and projects that are dependent on these disputed land titles.
    • Promoting agricultural credit: Land is often used as collateral for obtaining loans by farmers. Digitization of land records and online creation of equitable mortgages would help in faster disbursement of agriculture credit.
    • Development of new infrastructure: The economy of the country is shifting from agrarian to manufacturing and services-based. However, several new infrastructure projects are witnessing delays due to a lack of updated land records.
    • Urbanization and housing: Slum dwellers do not have access to a clear land title or ownership rights. Further, since many colonies in which the poor reside are unauthorized, it is difficult for Urban local bodies to provide basic services to them. Easier online approvals of plans and occupancy certificates will provide clarity over ownership status.
    • To check benami transactions: Unclear titles and non-updated land records enable carrying out property transactions in a non-transparent way. The Standing Committee on Finance in 2015 noted that the generation of black money through benami transactions could be eliminated by the digitization of land records and their regular updation.

    Challenges Faced in Digitization of Land Records:

    • Lack of unified legal framework: The system of land records was inherited from the Zamindari system. The legal framework in India does not provide for guaranteed ownership, and how information about land records is collected and maintained further exacerbates the gaps in these records.
    • Land unavailability in the development of infrastructure: These delays occur because of non-availability of encumbrance-free land, non-updation of land records, resistance to joint measurement survey of land records, demands for higher compensation by landowners, and filing of large number of arbitration cases by landowners.
    • Lack of manpower: One of the major roadblocks in ensuring continuous updation of land records is the lack of skilled manpower in the land record departments of states.
    • Poor synergy across land record departments: The Revenue department is the custodian of textual records; the survey and the settlement departments manage the spatial records and the registration department responsible for registering land transactions, lacks synergy in functioning.
    • Digital divide: Lack of awareness and digital illiteracy are prevalent, especially in rural areas.

    To address these challenges, there is a need for wider adoption of technologies such as geographical information systems, data warehouses, and webs. It would help in making land records management efficient and easier for decision-making, strategy planning, and productive modeling. Also, an online or digital record department could be established for the betterment of online land records maintenance.

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