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Land Reforms

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Home/Agriculture & Food Management/Land Reforms/Page 2

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Dolly Mehara
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Dolly MeharaLearner
Asked: June 26, 2024In:
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Outlining the problems with land records that exist now in India, talk about how definitive land titling and land record digitization can assist solve them. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: land reforms
  1. Rajesh Meena
    Rajesh Meena Begginer

    Land records consist of various types of information (property maps, sale deeds, etc.) and are maintained across different departments at the district or village levels. These departments work in silos and give rise to various issues, such as: Absence of a nationwide template: Land records are maintRead more

    Land records consist of various types of information (property maps, sale deeds, etc.) and are maintained across different departments at the district or village levels.

    These departments work in silos and give rise to various issues, such as:

    • Absence of a nationwide template: Land records are maintained by different departments in each state. It becomes strenuous to ensure that all such records in all the departments are updated and the details mentioned in one department exactly correspond to the details. mentioned in other departments.
    • Lack of a single window title verification and investigation system: The presumption of land ownership is drawn from multiple documents and records, which are maintained by multiple departments, making it a very long and cumbersome process of title investigation.
    • Presumptive titling: Ownership is decided based on recent economic transactions, which are easy to fake and thus lead to land disputes and litigations.
    • Non-mandatory registration: Under the Registration Act, of 1908, registration of property is not mandatory for certain transactions, such as land acquisition by the government, heirship partitions, etc. Thus, several property divisions are not recorded and, hence, do not correctly reflect the ownership of the property.
    • Opaqueness in land leasing: The current system of land leasing does not enable tenants to access bank credit and prevents them from making investments in land improvement.

    The role of land record digitization and conclusive ‘land titling’ in addressing the above-mentioned issues are the following:

    • Increases transparency: Land record digitization and conclusive land titling will enable complete transparency and real-time updates in land titles since property records could be placed in the public domain.
    • Controls benami transactions: Benami transactions in land dealings could be pre-empted and eliminated by the digitization of land records and their regular updating.
    • One-stop solution: It will lead to the establishment of a single window title verification and investigation system, which will be easily accessible to professionals as well as to the general public, making the public documents “public” in the real sense.
    • Brings uniformity: Along with digitizing the land documents, the Central and state governments may take initiatives to maintain the land documents in a uniform manner and in a language that is understood nationwide.
    • Clear ownership: Unlike presumptive titling, where neither the government nor the legal framework guarantees the ownership title of the land, under a conclusive land titling system, land records designate actual ownership.
    • Easy bank credit: Conclusive land titling helps the rightful landowner easily avail credit from banks, as the government takes responsibility for the accuracy.

    In addition, addressing land record issues and the mammoth task of mapping and digitizing 800 million land parcels further needs Centre-state coordination, a structured timeline for dispute resolutions, an integrated repository of land records covering both urban and rural areas, etc. Recent initiatives like the Digital India Land Records Implementation Programme 2.0 and the mapping of land parcels in rural inhabited areas using drone technology are welcome steps towards land reforms.

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Ayushi jain
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Ayushi jainBegginer
Asked: June 19, 2024In:
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Although the digitalization of land records is a good thing, there are certain issues that must be resolved. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: land reforms
  1. Gitanjali Reena
    Gitanjali Reena Begginer

    Access to land is a critical factor for economic growth and poverty reduction. For government, industry, and citizens to be able to use this asset effectively and to minimize land conflicts, digitization can help by improving access to reliable land and property records. Advantages of digitization oRead more

    Access to land is a critical factor for economic growth and poverty reduction. For government, industry, and citizens to be able to use this asset effectively and to minimize land conflicts, digitization can help by improving access to reliable land and property records.

    Advantages of digitization of land records:

    • Reduction in litigations and burden of cases: A NITI Aayog paper suggests that land disputes on average take about 20 years to be resolved. Land disputes add to the burden of the courts and impact sectors and projects that are dependent on these disputed land titles.
    • Promoting agricultural credit: Land is often used as collateral for obtaining loans by farmers. Digitization of land records and online creation of equitable mortgages would help in faster disbursement of agriculture credit.
    • Development of new infrastructure: The economy of the country is shifting from agrarian to manufacturing and services-based. However, several new infrastructure projects are witnessing delays due to a lack of updated land records.
    • Urbanization and housing: Slum dwellers do not have access to a clear land title or ownership rights. Further, since many colonies in which the poor reside are unauthorized, it is difficult for Urban local bodies to provide basic services to them. Easier online approvals of plans and occupancy certificates will provide clarity over ownership status.
    • To check benami transactions: Unclear titles and non-updated land records enable carrying out property transactions in a non-transparent way. The Standing Committee on Finance in 2015 noted that the generation of black money through benami transactions could be eliminated by the digitization of land records and their regular updation.

    Challenges Faced in Digitization of Land Records:

    • Lack of unified legal framework: The system of land records was inherited from the Zamindari system. The legal framework in India does not provide for guaranteed ownership, and how information about land records is collected and maintained further exacerbates the gaps in these records.
    • Land unavailability in the development of infrastructure: These delays occur because of non-availability of encumbrance-free land, non-updation of land records, resistance to joint measurement survey of land records, demands for higher compensation by landowners, and filing of large number of arbitration cases by landowners.
    • Lack of manpower: One of the major roadblocks in ensuring continuous updation of land records is the lack of skilled manpower in the land record departments of states.
    • Poor synergy across land record departments: The Revenue department is the custodian of textual records; the survey and the settlement departments manage the spatial records and the registration department responsible for registering land transactions, lacks synergy in functioning.
    • Digital divide: Lack of awareness and digital illiteracy are prevalent, especially in rural areas.

    To address these challenges, there is a need for wider adoption of technologies such as geographical information systems, data warehouses, and webs. It would help in making land records management efficient and easier for decision-making, strategy planning, and productive modeling. Also, an online or digital record department could be established for the betterment of online land records maintenance.

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Anagha B
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Anagha BBegginer
Asked: July 12, 2024In:
  • 3

The Kerala model highlights an economy with spectacular developments in the social sector without having a good economic backup. Land reform was undertaken more effectively in Kerala. Land reform in kerala imparted drastic changes to the economic outlook.

  1. Kamini g
    Kamini g Learner

    The Land Reform Act in Kerala played a crucial role in shaping the state's economic and social landscape, contributing significantly to what is known as the "Kerala Model of Development." Here are the key impacts of the Land Reform Act on the Kerala Model of Economics: 1.Redistribution of Land: TheRead more

    The Land Reform Act in Kerala played a crucial role in shaping the state’s economic and social landscape, contributing significantly to what is known as the “Kerala Model of Development.” Here are the key impacts of the Land Reform Act on the Kerala Model of Economics:

    1.Redistribution of Land:

    The Land Reform Act aimed to redistribute land from large landowners (often landlords) to landless agricultural laborers and poor farmers. This redistribution helped in reducing land inequality and creating a more equitable distribution of agricultural resources.

    2.Improvement in Agricultural Productivity:

    By redistributing land to small farmers and agricultural laborers who previously had limited access to land, the Land Reform Act contributed to an increase in agricultural productivity. Small farmers typically cultivate land more intensively and are motivated to invest in improving productivity.

    3.Poverty Reduction:

    The Land Reform Act played a role in reducing poverty in Kerala by providing land to landless laborers and farmers, thereby enabling them to generate income from agricultural activities. This increased economic opportunities and improved living standards for many rural households.

    4.Social Justice and Empowerment:

    The Act promoted social justice by addressing historical injustices related to land ownership. It empowered marginalized communities, including Dalits and other lower castes, by giving them access to land and thus enhancing their socio-economic status.

    5.Support for Welfare Measures:

    The land reforms complemented Kerala’s focus on social welfare measures such as education, healthcare, and social security. Land ownership provided a base for rural households to participate more actively in development programs and benefit from public services.

    6.Role in Human Development Indices:

    The equitable distribution of land contributed to Kerala achieving high levels of human development, as evidenced by its high literacy rates, life expectancy, and low infant mortality rates. Land ownership provided a foundation for rural families to invest in education and healthcare for their children.

    7.Political Impact:

    The implementation of land reforms in Kerala was supported by a politically active population and progressive governments. This political will to enforce and protect land reforms contributed to their success and sustained impact on the state’s development model.

    In essence, the Land Reform Act in Kerala was a cornerstone of the state’s economic development strategy, promoting agrarian reforms, reducing inequality, empowering marginalized communities, and contributing to overall human development. It played a pivotal role in shaping the unique socio-economic framework known as the Kerala Model of Economics, which emphasizes social welfare, equitable development, and human development indices alongside economic growth.

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Adheesh Raman
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Adheesh RamanLearner
Asked: January 7, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing To answer the question, it is important to break down the problem systematically and present facts clearly under appropriate headings. Here’s the roadmap: Introduction Briefly introduce the problem of agricultural land degradation in India, noting its scale and importance. Mention ...

upsc: land reforms
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Agricultural land degradation is a significant challenge in India, affecting nearly 30% (97.85 million hectares) of the country’s geographical area, according to ISRO's Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas. The following factors contribute to this issue: Soil Erosion: In rainfed aRead more

    Model Answer

    Agricultural land degradation is a significant challenge in India, affecting nearly 30% (97.85 million hectares) of the country’s geographical area, according to ISRO’s Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas. The following factors contribute to this issue:

    1. Soil Erosion: In rainfed areas, soil erosion, especially water erosion (80%), leads to a loss of soil fertility. Wind erosion (17%) and salinity/alkalinity (2%) further exacerbate the problem.
    2. Chemical Contamination: Overuse of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, along with construction activities, depletes soil nutrients, making it less suitable for farming. The Green Revolution, while increasing productivity, also contributed to long-term soil degradation.
    3. Shifting Cultivation: The practice of shifting (Jhum) cultivation, particularly in the Northeast, leads to soil erosion and reduced fertility, harming land productivity.
    4. Improper Land Use Practices: Overgrazing, deforestation, and urban sprawl, such as in Delhi NCR, contribute significantly to land degradation by converting agricultural land into urban or industrial areas.
    5. Extreme Weather Conditions: Droughts and coastal surges, such as the severe drought in 2019, reduce land productivity and contribute to soil salinization.

    Measures to Alleviate Agricultural Land Degradation

    To combat land degradation, several measures can be implemented:

    1. Agroforestry: Integrating perennial woody vegetation into farming systems helps improve soil quality by recycling nutrients and protecting the soil from erosion.
    2. Organic Farming: Avoiding chemical fertilizers and pesticides can restore soil health and increase fertility in the long term.
    3. Efficient Water Management: Techniques like rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation, and micro-irrigation can conserve water and prevent soil erosion caused by water.
    4. Land-Use Planning: Sustainable land-use planning can prevent agricultural land from being converted into non-agricultural uses, promoting long-term agricultural productivity.

    The UN Convention to Combat Desertification aims for a land degradation-neutral world by 2030, with India needing to restore at least 30 million hectares of degraded land to meet this target.

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ARCHANA J
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ARCHANA JBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In: ,
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How will reform impact the land acquisition and compensation process?

  1. ANKITA MAURYA
    ANKITA MAURYA Begginer

    ### Impact of Reform on Land Acquisition and Compensation - **Efficiency and Transparency:** - Streamlined procedures and clearer guidelines reduce bureaucratic delays. - Digital platforms and public disclosure improve transparency. - **Fair Compensation:** - Market-linked compensation ensures paymeRead more

    ### Impact of Reform on Land Acquisition and Compensation

    – **Efficiency and Transparency:**
    – Streamlined procedures and clearer guidelines reduce bureaucratic delays.
    – Digital platforms and public disclosure improve transparency.

    – **Fair Compensation:**
    – Market-linked compensation ensures payments reflect current market values.
    – Inclusion of additional benefits like relocation assistance and employment opportunities.

    – **Legal Framework and Rights Protection:**
    – Strengthened legal framework better protects landowners’ and tenants’ rights.
    – Enhanced mechanisms for obtaining landowner consent and involving affected communities.

    – **Dispute Resolution:**
    – Improved and faster dispute resolution mechanisms.
    – Increased judicial oversight ensures adherence to legal processes and fair compensation.

    – **Social and Environmental Considerations:**
    – Mandatory environmental impact assessments and social audits.
    – Processes designed to minimize adverse impacts on communities and ecosystems.

    Overall, reforms create a balanced approach, addressing development needs while protecting the rights and welfare of affected individuals and communities.

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Jagdish Prasad
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Jagdish PrasadBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine the possible synergies and trade-offs between these goals in the design and implementation of the land reform measures. Discuss how the land reform policies align with the larger development objectives, such as food security, natural resource management, and climate ...

upsc: land reforms
  1. Manan Deshmukh
    Manan Deshmukh Begginer

    Aligning Land Reform Policies with Development Objectives Land reform policies in India have far-reaching implications for the country's broader development objectives, including food security, natural resource management, and climate change adaptation. Let's discuss the alignment of these policiesRead more

    Aligning Land Reform Policies with Development Objectives

    Land reform policies in India have far-reaching implications for the country’s broader development objectives, including food security, natural resource management, and climate change adaptation. Let’s discuss the alignment of these policies and analyze the potential synergies and trade-offs in their design and implementation.

    1. Food Security and Land Reform

    • Equitable Land Distribution: Land reform measures aimed at redistributing land and ensuring more equitable access to productive resources can contribute to increased agricultural productivity and improved food security.
    • Tenant Farmer Empowerment: Policies that protect the rights of tenant farmers and ensure their access to land can incentivize investment in agriculture and enhance food production.
    • Recent Example: The implementation of the West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955, led to the redistribution of land and the empowerment of sharecroppers, contributing to increased food grain production in the state.

    2. Natural Resource Management and Land Reform

    • Sustainable Land-Use Practices: Land reform policies that promote sustainable land-use practices, such as agroforestry and organic farming, can enhance the management of natural resources and the conservation of ecosystems.
    • Community-Based Land Management: Policies that recognize and strengthen the rights of indigenous and local communities over their land and natural resources can foster better stewardship and sustainable management.
    • Recent Example: The Forest Rights Act, 2006, has recognized the rights of forest-dwelling communities over their traditional lands and resources, leading to improved forest conservation and management in some areas.

    3. Climate Change Adaptation and Land Reform

    • Resilient Agricultural Systems: Land reform policies that promote diversified and climate-resilient cropping patterns, as well as the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, can enhance the ability of farmers to adapt to the impacts of climate change.
    • Tenure Security and Investment: Secure land tenure and the protection of land rights can incentivize farmers to invest in long-term, climate-smart agricultural practices, such as soil conservation and water management.
    • Recent Example: The Andhra Pradesh Community-Managed Natural Farming initiative, which promotes the adoption of agroecological practices, has demonstrated the potential for land reform policies to support climate change adaptation.

    Synergies and Trade-offs in Land Reform Design and Implementation

    • Balancing Objectives: Policymakers must carefully consider the potential synergies and trade-offs between the various development objectives when designing and implementing land reform measures.
    • Participatory Approach: Involving stakeholders, including small and marginal farmers, indigenous communities, and local organizations, in the design and implementation of land reform policies can help identify and address potential conflicts.
    • Institutional Capacity and Coordination: Strengthening the institutional capacity and coordination across different government agencies and departments is crucial for the effective integration of land reform with broader development goals.

    Conclusion
    Aligning land reform policies with the larger development objectives of food security, natural resource management, and climate change adaptation is crucial for achieving sustainable and inclusive growth in India. By recognizing and leveraging the potential synergies between these objectives, and carefully addressing the trade-offs, policymakers can design and implement land reform measures that contribute to the overall wellbeing of rural communities and the nation as a whole.

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Jagdish Prasad
  • 0
Jagdish PrasadBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
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Discuss the institutional and policy frameworks needed to support the adoption of these models. Assess the potential for improving the productivity, efficiency, and profitability of agricultural enterprises through the use of innovative land leasing and land-pooling models, such as contract ...

upsc: land reforms
  1. Mihir Malhotra
    Mihir Malhotra Begginer

    Evaluating the Potential of Innovative Land Leasing and Land-Pooling Models in Agriculture 1. Introduction Innovative land leasing and land-pooling models, including contract farming and land-consolidation initiatives, offer significant potential to enhance the efficiency, productivity, and profitabRead more

    Evaluating the Potential of Innovative Land Leasing and Land-Pooling Models in Agriculture

    1. Introduction

    Innovative land leasing and land-pooling models, including contract farming and land-consolidation initiatives, offer significant potential to enhance the efficiency, productivity, and profitability of agricultural enterprises. As agriculture faces challenges such as fragmented land holdings, low productivity, and inefficient use of resources, these models provide viable solutions to optimize land use and improve outcomes for farmers. This evaluation includes recent examples to illustrate their impact and the necessary policy and institutional frameworks for their adoption.

    2. Land Leasing and Land-Pooling Models

    A. Contract Farming

    1. Efficiency and Productivity Gains: Contract farming involves agreements between farmers and companies for the production of specific crops or livestock. This model ensures that farmers receive technical support, quality inputs, and access to markets. For example, the National Dairy Development Board’s (NDDB) Amul model has successfully integrated contract farming with milk producers, leading to increased productivity and better returns for farmers. Contract farming can lead to efficient resource use and enhanced productivity through improved access to technology and inputs.

    2. Profitability: Farmers benefit from assured markets and price stability under contract farming agreements. Recent initiatives like the Rajasthan government’s contract farming policy aim to guarantee fair prices and reduce risks for farmers, thereby improving profitability. However, challenges such as contract enforcement and power imbalances between farmers and companies need to be addressed.

    B. Land-Consolidation Initiatives

    1. Efficiency Improvements: Land consolidation involves reorganizing fragmented land holdings into larger, more manageable units. This can lead to economies of scale and more efficient farming practices. The Uttar Pradesh government’s land consolidation program has been working to address fragmentation issues, enhancing operational efficiency and reducing the complexity of farming operations.

    2. Productivity and Profitability: Consolidation facilitates better management practices, the use of modern machinery, and improved irrigation systems. The Kerala Land Reforms Act has demonstrated how consolidating land can lead to better land use and increased agricultural productivity, translating into higher profitability for farmers.

    3. Policy and Institutional Frameworks

    A. Policy Frameworks

    1. Legal and Regulatory Support: Effective land leasing and land-pooling models require robust legal frameworks to protect the rights of all parties involved. For instance, the Model Agricultural Land Leasing Act, 2016, introduced by the central government, provides a standardized approach to land leasing, ensuring transparency and fairness. States like Telangana and Madhya Pradesh have adapted this model to suit local conditions, enhancing legal clarity and encouraging investment.

    2. Incentives and Support Mechanisms: Government incentives such as subsidies, grants, and technical support can facilitate the adoption of innovative models. The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), for instance, supports farmers with insurance cover, reducing the risk associated with new farming practices, including those involved in contract farming.

    B. Institutional Frameworks

    1. Strengthening Farmer Organizations: Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) play a crucial role in the successful implementation of contract farming and land consolidation. They provide a platform for collective bargaining, access to resources, and shared knowledge. The Government of India’s FPO Scheme has been instrumental in supporting these organizations, thereby enhancing their capacity to engage in innovative land management practices.

    2. Capacity Building and Training: Effective implementation requires training programs to build the skills of farmers and intermediaries. Initiatives like the National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) offer training and resources to farmers on modern agricultural practices, including land consolidation and contract farming.

    3. Monitoring and Evaluation: Robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are essential to assess the impact of these models and ensure that they meet their objectives. The Agricultural Census and other state-level evaluations provide data on land use patterns and productivity, helping to refine policies and practices.

    4. Conclusion

    Innovative land leasing and land-pooling models, such as contract farming and land consolidation, offer significant potential to enhance the efficiency, productivity, and profitability of agricultural enterprises. Their successful implementation hinges on supportive policy and institutional frameworks that provide legal clarity, financial incentives, capacity building, and effective monitoring. By addressing the challenges and leveraging these models, the agricultural sector can achieve more sustainable and profitable outcomes.

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Anita Ratnam
  • 0
Anita RatnamLearner
Asked: February 11, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Contextual Introduction: Begin by briefly introducing the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP), its launch in 2008, and its objective to modernize land records, reduce disputes, and protect farmers’ rights. Key Objective: Mention that DILRMP aims ...

upsc: land reforms
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP) was launched in 2008 with the goal of improving transparency and efficiency in land record management. By digitizing land records, it aims to reduce land disputes, curb corruption, and provide easier access toRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP) was launched in 2008 with the goal of improving transparency and efficiency in land record management. By digitizing land records, it aims to reduce land disputes, curb corruption, and provide easier access to information. However, while it has several benefits, there are also challenges that hinder its effectiveness, especially in protecting farmers’ rights.

    Benefits of DILRMP in Protecting Farmers’ Rights

    1. Promoting Transparency

    • Centralized Database: The digitization of land records creates a centralized and easily accessible database that reduces discrepancies and errors in land ownership.
      • Example: Farmers can easily verify their land holdings online, preventing fraudulent practices.
    • Up-to-date Information: With digital records, land ownership, transactions, and boundaries are maintained in real-time, ensuring transparency in land administration.

    2. Reducing Corruption

    • Automation of Processes: By digitizing land records, the need for human intervention is reduced, curbing opportunities for corruption and manipulation.
      • Example: Tamper-proof records and audit trails make it difficult for officials or private parties to manipulate land ownership documents for personal gain.

    3. Access to Credit and Investments

    • Land as Collateral: Farmers can use their digitized land records as proof of ownership, facilitating access to loans and financial services from banks and other institutions.
      • Example: Banks can quickly verify ownership, making it easier for farmers to secure agricultural loans, which boosts rural development.

    4. Dispute Resolution

    • Faster Dispute Resolution: Digital records provide swift access to land ownership details, which speeds up the resolution of disputes. This can ease the burden on courts.
      • Fact: A NITI Aayog report noted that land disputes in India take an average of 20 years to resolve. Digitized records can reduce this time significantly.

    5. Disaster Management and Preservation

    • Protection Against Physical Damage: Digitized records are stored safely in electronic formats, protecting them from damage due to natural disasters or accidents.
      • Example: If physical records are lost in a flood or fire, the digital copies ensure the data is not permanently lost.

    Challenges of DILRMP

    1. Lack of Manpower

    • Many regions lack the skilled workforce necessary to regularly update land records, leading to outdated or incomplete data.

    2. Structural Issues in Land Titles

    • Registered Sale Deeds, Not Land Titles: In India, land ownership is often not based on clear titles, but rather a series of sale deeds. These documents are kept by different departments, making it cumbersome for farmers to access complete records.
    • High Registration Costs: The high cost of registering land discourages many farmers from officially documenting their transactions.

    3. Slow Progress

    • Despite years of implementation, many states and Union Territories still do not offer real-time, same-day updates of land records after a sale or transaction is completed. This delays benefits for farmers.

    4. Weak Linkages Between Departments

    • There is a disconnection between the revenue and survey departments, leading to inconsistencies between textual records and spatial (mapped) records. These inconsistencies often lead to boundary disputes and confusion.

    Measures to Enhance the Effectiveness of DILRMP

    1. Legislative Reforms

    • Update Outdated Laws: The document registration process is still governed by the Registration Act of 1908. This colonial-era law needs to be updated to modernize land transaction processes.
      • Example: Make it mandatory to register all land transactions, including those involving government acquisition or short-term leases.

    2. Promoting a Uniform Approach

    • There is no uniform system for land record digitization across India. The government should encourage all states to adopt a standardized approach, ensuring consistency in records nationwide.

    3. Identity Authentication and Security

    • Introduce provisions that set standards for identity verification, record security, and storage to safeguard the integrity of digital land records.

    4. Addressing the Digital Divide

    • Many rural areas still face challenges with internet access and digital literacy. The government should develop a transition plan that includes infrastructure improvements and training programs.
      • Example: Set a cut-off date by which state registration offices must be equipped for remote, online registration of land documents.

    5. Stronger Linkages Between Departments

    • Improve coordination between revenue and survey departments to ensure that textual and spatial records are aligned. This will reduce legal conflicts related to boundary definitions and land areas.
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Gita Sharma
  • 0
Gita SharmaBegginer
Asked: June 26, 2024In:
  • 0

In India, eradicating poverty and promoting inclusive growth depend heavily on having access to and effective control over land. Give specifics. Talk about the current land reform policies that India has implemented to promote equitable growth. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: land reforms
  1. Meera Singh
    Meera Singh Begginer

    The Socio-Economic Caste Census of 2011, put the households with no land at 56.41 percent of total rural households. Similarly, the Draft National Land Reforms Policy released in July 2013 stated that 31 percent of all households are landless. Access to land and effective control over it is of fundaRead more

    The Socio-Economic Caste Census of 2011, put the households with no land at 56.41 percent of total rural households. Similarly, the Draft National Land Reforms Policy released in July 2013 stated that 31 percent of all households are landless. Access to land and effective control over it is of fundamental importance not only for economic growth but also for poverty eradication and inclusive growth in the following ways:

    • Reduction in poverty: Approximately 54.6 percent of the total workforce is engaged in agriculture and allied sectors. In this context:
      • Those without property rights generally lack the incentive or even the authority to invest in the land, which could lead to higher returns.
      • Secure land rights provide better credit accessibility and act as an insurance substitute in the event of shocks.
      • Research suggests that land ownership will create opportunities to increase investment in the development of children, which may help in breaking the inter-generational transmission of poverty.
    • Inclusive growth: It will help in eradicating socio-economic or productive exclusion by giving the owners assets in the form of land, which will create avenues of income generation for them.
      • Similarly, it will help empower women and marginalized sections of society if they get land ownership rights, as it would provide them a sense of security, a stronger voice in exercising their rights, and a buffer against economic and environmental shocks.

    Since independence, several measures such as the abolition of intermediaries, tenancy reforms, and ceilings on landholdings were adopted, and consolidation and distribution of landholdings were envisioned. In the past few years, India has taken the following land reform measures focussing on inclusive growth:

    • Digital India Land Record Modernisation Program (DILRMP): It was introduced in 2016 to computerize and update all land records and digitize maps and surveys. It aims to provide conclusive titles of land ownership, reduce disputes, and facilitate quicker transactions of land.
      • Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN) Scheme: Launched in 2021, under this scheme, a 14-digit identification number would be provided to every surveyed parcel of land.
    • SVAMITVA Scheme: It is a property survey program launched in 2020 to map residential land ownership in the rural sector using modern technology like drones. Recognized owners will be provided property cards.
    • The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act (LARR), 2013: The Act contains provisions to provide fair compensation to those whose land is taken away bring transparency to the process of acquisition of land to set up factories or buildings, infrastructural projects, and assures rehabilitation of those affected.
    • The Model Agricultural Land Leasing Act, 2016: It recognizes farmers who are cultivating on leased lands and enables loan accessibility to them through institutional credits.
    • The Draft Model Contract Farming Act, 2018: It aims to protect the interests of farmers through a forward contract. It also restricts the development of permanent structures on farmers’ land/premises. Further, it ensures that no right or title of interest of the land shall vest in the contract farming sponsor.

    Also, in this regard, the NITI Aayog has framed a Draft Model Act and Rules on Conclusive Land Titling in 2019, which is under discussion. Since the subject of ‘land’ and its management falls under the State List, the success and failures of land reforms lie on the state governments. State initiatives such as the Bhoomi project of Karnataka a successful examples, which can be replicated on a pan-India level.

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Kumudini Lakhia
  • 0
Kumudini LakhiaEnthusiast
Asked: January 11, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Purpose: Briefly introduce NGDRS and ULPIN as components of the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP), highlighting their role in the modernization of land records in India. Key Elements to Mention: NGDRS is a uniform platform for ...

upsc: land reforms
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Contribution of NGDRS and ULPIN to Modernizing Land Records in India The implementation of the National Generic Document Registration System (NGDRS) and the Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN) represents a significant step in the modernization of land records in India. BothRead more

    Model Answer

    Contribution of NGDRS and ULPIN to Modernizing Land Records in India

    The implementation of the National Generic Document Registration System (NGDRS) and the Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN) represents a significant step in the modernization of land records in India. Both initiatives are part of the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP) and aim to streamline land administration processes, improve transparency, and increase efficiency.

    Key Benefits of NGDRS

    NGDRS is a flexible, configurable platform designed to standardize property and document registration processes across India. This system offers several advantages:

    1. Uniform Process: NGDRS ensures a uniform process for document registration, supporting both state-specific requirements and a consistent national approach.
    2. Online Services: It enables online property registration, including deed entry, payment, appointment scheduling, document search, and certified copy generation. This empowers citizens with easier access to land registration services.
    3. Transparency and Accuracy: NGDRS includes a rule-based valuation system, ensuring transparent, accurate property cost calculations and reducing opportunities for corruption.
    4. One Nation, One Software: The platform unifies the registration process across the country, promoting standardization while accommodating regional needs.
    5. E-KYC and Local Language Support: The system provides e-KYC authentication and supports multiple local languages, improving accessibility.

    Impact of ULPIN on Land Record Management

    ULPIN, also known as Bhu-Aadhaar, assigns a unique 14-digit identification number to every land parcel, making it easier to track and manage land records. The benefits include:

    1. Integrated Services: ULPIN acts as a centralized database for land information, simplifying data sharing across government departments, financial institutions, and other stakeholders.
    2. Cross-validation and Transparency: It enables seamless cross-validation of data, ensuring accuracy and consistency of land records.
    3. Single Window Services: ULPIN allows for integrated land services, enhancing transparency and reducing disputes in land transactions.

    Challenges and Limitations

    Despite these advancements, challenges remain:

    1. Legacy Issues: Many land records in India are outdated, disputed, or unaccounted for. Without addressing these issues through surveys and legal reforms, ULPIN’s full potential may not be realized.
    2. Access and Digital Literacy: In rural areas, where internet connectivity and computer literacy are limited, NGDRS and ULPIN may not be fully effective. This could lead to increased reliance on intermediaries and higher transaction costs.

    Conclusion

    In conclusion, NGDRS and ULPIN offer substantial potential to modernize land records in India by improving transparency, efficiency, and accessibility. However, addressing legacy issues and ensuring broader digital access are critical to their success.

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