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Indian Geography

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Home/Geography/Indian Geography/Page 104

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Sonali B
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Sonali BBegginer
Asked: June 25, 2024In:
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Pipelines carrying gas and oil are regarded as the lifeblood of the economy. Provide some information about the state of India’s gas and oil pipelines in this regard. List the benefits and drawbacks of pipeline transportation as well. (Answer in ...

upsc: transport & communication
  1. Gita Sharma
    Gita Sharma Begginer

    Pipelines are the most convenient and suitable mode of transportation for petroleum products and gases in bulk for longer distances. Transportation by pipelines is a rising development being preferred nowadays for cost-effective projects in the various fields. Advantages of pipeline transportation ERead more

    Pipelines are the most convenient and suitable mode of transportation for petroleum products and gases in bulk for longer distances. Transportation by pipelines is a rising development being preferred nowadays for cost-effective projects in the various fields.
    Advantages of pipeline transportation

    • Energy efficient: Pipelines consume very little energy in comparison to other modes of transportation. Further, the transit losses are minimal in transportation through pipelines.
    • Economical construction and maintenance: They have low energy consumption and low maintenance costs. Additionally, they can be built in difficult terrains, under water etc. The running cost of the materials through pipelines is very low. It is 10 times less than surface transportation.
    • Transportation of solid materials and future prospects: Nowadays solid minerals are being transported through pipelines too, cutting down on operating and transportation costs considerably. Example: Iron ore in the form of slurry from Kudremukh to Mangalore port, Rock phosphate from Malton mines to Debari smelter plant in Udaipur etc.
    • Reduction in accidental charges: Pipelines are safe, relatively accident-free and environmentally friendly.
    • Reduces regional disparity: The far inland location of refineries like Barauni, Mathura, Karnal and gas based fertiliser plants at Jagdishpur and other places could be thought of only because of pipelines.

    Disadvantages of pipeline transportation

    • High initial costs and inability to increase capacity once the pipeline is laid.
    • Pipelines are prone to distortions in case of earthquakes. It is very difficult to find leakages and cracks in case of distortions.
    • Pipelines face security threats from terrorist organizations, especially in the case of transboundary pipeline like the TAPI pipeline.

    As of August, 2022, India had more than 10,000 kms of crude pipeline network, with a capacity of around 147.9 MMTPA. Following are some of the important pipelines in India.

    • Naharkatia-Nunmati-Barauni Pipeline: It was the first pipeline constructed in India to bring crude oil from Naharkatia oil field to Nunmati. It has a number of subsidiary pipelines like Nunmati-Siliguri pipeline, Lakwa-Rudrasagar-Barauni pipeline, Barauni-Haldia pipeline, Barauni-Kanpur pipeline etc.
    • Mumbai High-Mumbai pipeline: It is a double- pipeline that connects Mumbai with Mumbai High providing facilities for transporting crude oil and natural gas.
    • Ankleshwar-Kayoli Pipeline: It transports crude oil from Ankleshwar oilfield to Koyali refinery.
    • Salaya-Koyali-Mathura Pipeline: An important pipeline has been laid from Salaya in Gujarat to Mathura in U.P. via Viramgram which supplies crude oil to refineries at Koyali and Mathura.
    • Mathura-Delhi Panipat- Ambala-Jalandhar pipeline: It transports refined products Mathura & of Panipat refineries to market centers of N.W. India.
    • Haldia-Kolkata pipeline:It transports refined petroleum products to Kolkata.
    • Hazira-Bijaypur-Jagdishpur gas pipeline: This is the longest gas pipeline of India that has brought about a big transformation in the economy of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh.
    • Jamnagar-Loni LPG pipeline: It is the longest LPG pipeline in the world. It is the first time that a cross-country pipeline has been used to transport LPG adding to the availability of supplies, safety in transportation, and wider distribution etc.

    Transportation by pipelines is a new development in India. Pipelines have relieved the increasing pressure on the existing surface transport system and can go a long way as the future of transportation of essential materials, especially as India is intending to move towards a gas-based economy. A robust and efficient policy for the same will not only ensure this, but also help in the overall economic growth of the country.

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Sonali B
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Sonali BBegginer
Asked: June 25, 2024In:
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Provide a succinct overview of the Indian IT and BPM (business process management) industries. Talk about the variables that influence the placement of IT clusters in various Indian cities. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: industry
  1. Pranjal shekh
    Pranjal shekh Begginer

    The Information Technology-Business Process Management (IT-BPM) sector is a major segment of India's services. It accounts for 8% of India's GDP, employing more than 1.2 million people and constitutes sub-sectors such as Information Technology Services, Business Process Management (BPM), Hardware anRead more

    The Information Technology-Business Process Management (IT-BPM) sector is a major segment of India’s services. It accounts for 8% of India’s GDP, employing more than 1.2 million people and constitutes sub-sectors such as Information Technology Services, Business Process Management (BPM), Hardware and Software Products and Engineering services.
    State of IT-BPM industry in India:

    • Within the IT-BPM sector, IT services constitute more than 51% share, followed by Software and Engineering services and BPM industry respectively.
    • India’s BPM industry, with over 17,000 firms, currently controls more than a 37 per cent share in global sourcing and is witnessing a revenue growth of 1.7 times.
    • The computer software and hardware sector in India attracted cumulative foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows worth US$ 85.51 billion between April 2000-March 2022.
    • India’s IT-BPM sector is expected to expand to US$350 billion by 2025 and BPM is expected to account for US$50-55 billion out of the total revenue.

    Factors that are at play in determining the location of IT hubs in different Indian cities are the following:

    • Development of IT parks: State governments have given a boost to the IT sector by developing major IT parks. For example, many IT parks in Bengaluru, Chennai, Mumbai and Hyderabad have helped them become the country’s major IT hubs.
    • Local talent: Abundance of local talent in the city has enabled Bengaluru to become one of the most preferred destinations for IT investment.
    • Government policies: Government measures to ease processes and attract tech firms to invest have given an impetus to the sector. For example, government-backed incubators, strong academic and research lab presence, initiatives like Start-Up Telangana portal, etc. have attracted many international conglomerates such as Microsoft, Google, IBM, Yahoo, Dell and Facebook to set up their Indian headquarters in Hyderabad.
    • Strategic location: Cyber City, Gurugram is one of the country’s fastest-growing districts and has emerged as a preferred destination for IT companies due to its strategic location and proximity to the capital.
      • Similarly, the strategic location of Kochi and its proximity to the administrative department of the Ernakulam district has made it one of the leading IT centres of India.
    • Development of infrastructure: Adequate infrastructural support coupled with hundreds of colleges, polytechnics and ITls in Chandigarh city has made the city one of the largest technological hubs of Northern India.
      • Similarly, Thiruvananthapuram has world-class IT infrastructure facilities, which makes it a much sought-after IT destination in Kerala. Also, the state offers great opportunities for the IT industry due to factors such as geographical accessibility, an extensive telecom network that reaches most towns and villages, high literacy and export-based trade and commerce.

    Apart from the above factors, other elements such as ‘work from anywhere’, relocation of talent to their hometowns, are critical in the evolution of Tier-II and III cities as supplementary ecosystems to the already established IT-BPM locations. Ahmedabad, Surat, Vadodara and Nagpur draw strength from mature IT-BPM destinations like Mumbai, Navi-Mumbai, Thane and Pune. Also, most Southern cities benefit from the presence of IT industries in Bengaluru, Hyderabad and Chennai.

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Ritika Sharma
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Ritika SharmaLearner
Asked: June 25, 2024In:
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Ocean thermal energy has the potential to produce 180,000 MW in India, but development in this area has been sluggish. In this situation, draw attention to the problems that are present and offer solutions.  (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: energy resources
  1. Shekhar jaat
    Shekhar jaat Begginer

    Ocean Thermal Energy is harnessed through a process called Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC). OTEC is a process or technology for producing energy by harnessing the temperature differences (thermal gradients) between ocean surface waters and deep ocean waters. The OTEC system uses a temperatureRead more

    Ocean Thermal Energy is harnessed through a process called Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC). OTEC is a process or technology for producing energy by harnessing the temperature differences (thermal gradients) between ocean surface waters and deep ocean waters. The OTEC system uses a temperature difference of at least 20 degrees Celsius to power a turbine to produce electricity. India has a theoretical potential of 180,000 MW of ocean thermal energy. India is geographically well-placed to generate ocean thermal energy, with around 2000 kms of coastal length along the South Indian coast, where a temperature difference of above 20 degree Celsius is available throughout the year.
    To tap ocean thermal energy, the National Institute of Ocean Technology, under the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) is establishing an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plant with a capacity of 65 kilowatts (kW) in Kavaratti, Lakshadweep. The plant will power the one lakh litres per day low temperature thermal desalination plant, which converts seawater into potable water. The plant is the first of its kind in the world as it will generate drinking water from sea water using indigenous technology, green energy and environmentally friendly processes.
    However, progress in this regard has been slow due to various challenges:

    • High cost: Setting up of OTEC plants for harnessing thermal energy potential requires significant costs of pumping and piping infrastructure. It is economical at very large scales only. The small land based OTEC plants need kilometres of piping to move a high volume of cold water from deep ocean. Its cost could be up to 75% of the total power plant costs.
    • Restricted location: The suitable locations to harness OTEC are reduced to equatorial and tropical zones.
    • Lack of technology: Most technologies are currently at pre-R&D demonstration stage of the initial stage of commercialization.
    • Environmental concerns: It can have potential impact on marine organisms and ecosystems due to discharge of cooler, denser and nutrient rich water from the plants, entanglement in cables, entrapment, noise generation and pollutants. It can also lead to biofouling i.e. unwanted accumulation of algae, microorganisms, plants etc.

    Remedial measures required in this context:

    • Policy support is required for harnessing the potential of ocean thermal energy. It should not only include a robust national policy, but a proper plan of financial deployment to accelerate the existing program.
    • There is a requirement of investment in R&D. Private sectors should be encouraged and be given incentives to contribute to technological development in this regard.
    • India should take efforts to promote international collaborations in the field of utilising ocean energy and also bring littoral countries on a single platform for contributing in this field.
    • There is a need to develop more demonstration projects at feasible sites so that a careful study of EIA can be done.

    Ocean thermal energy has the potential to generate a constant, clean source of electricity unlike intermittent electricity from renewable resources like wind and solar. So, there is a need to create awareness about the potential of ocean thermal energy and its long-term benefits including reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.

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Rishi Sharma
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Rishi SharmaBegginer
Asked: June 25, 2024In:
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The entertainment market in India is the second largest in the world. Examine the factors that led to the development of the Indian animation and visual effects industries in this context. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: transport & communication
  1. Tushar Swan
    Tushar Swan Begginer
Rishi Sharma
  • 0
Rishi SharmaBegginer
Asked: June 25, 2024In:
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For a variety of factors, India’s significant wind energy potential is still unrealized. Examine and recommend a course of action. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: energy resources
  1. Swati
    Swati Begginer

    India ranks third in the world in terms of energy consumption. India ranks fourth in the world in terms of wind power. At COP26, the country raised its target of 500 GW of energy from non-fossil fuels by 2030. It is the largest renewable energy expansion program in the world The major reasons for unRead more

    India ranks third in the world in terms of energy consumption. India ranks fourth in the world in terms of wind power. At COP26, the country raised its target of 500 GW of energy from non-fossil fuels by 2030. It is the largest renewable energy expansion program in the world

    The major reasons for underutilization of wind energy energy in India are:

    1. Complex land use
    Investing in wind energy without land acquisition regulations makes it difficult to acquire land. This has increased land costs for wind farms and increased the risk to local wildlife.

    2. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
    The pandemic and delayed supply chain issues are to blame for the delay in realizing all that can be done.

    3. Skills and manpower requirements
    Concerns are also being raised about the sector’s technical capacity and human resource requirements, particularly in the emerging offshore wind projects.

    4. Need for legal framework
    A comprehensive regulatory framework, incentives for producers, solutions to land access challenges, spending on skills development and emphasizing the domestic supply chain are all needed to comply solve these problems

    5. High capital requirements
    Offshore wind farms require higher capital than onshore wind farms due to deep sea installations, advanced technologies, high capacity, distance from shore and deep sea pipelines

    Despite the potential, the geographical spread of wind power in India is limited. One of the main reasons for this limitation is the lack of accepted infrastructure to support wind energy systems. For example, the infrastructure needed to transport wind energy from remote locations to a grid is often awkward or non-existent, which can drive up costs.

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Tina Singh
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Tina SinghBegginer
Asked: June 25, 2024In:
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In order to address the problem of air pollution brought on by the burning of stubble and crop residue in North India, holistic solutions must be developed. Talk about it. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: agriculture
  1. Pranjal shekh
    Pranjal shekh Begginer

    Crop residue and stubble burning has long continued to be a perennial menace after the post-harvest of paddy in North Indian states especially Haryana, UP, Punjab and Rajasthan. The practice of stubble- burning is a chronic problem caused by the vicious wheat-paddy cycle, free power to run tube-wellRead more

    Crop residue and stubble burning has long continued to be a perennial menace after the post-harvest of paddy in North Indian states especially Haryana, UP, Punjab and Rajasthan. The practice of stubble- burning is a chronic problem caused by the vicious wheat-paddy cycle, free power to run tube-wells and other subsidies on seeds and fertilisers even at the cost of precious subsoil water.
    After harvesting of paddy, there is a short window of two to three weeks for farmers to ready their fields for the next crop, i.e. wheat. Consequently, they set the stubble on fire without bothering about the consequences.
    This leads to following issues:

    • Pollution: Emits large amounts of toxic pollutants in the atmosphere which contain harmful gases like methane (CH4), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Volatile Organic compounds (VOC) and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which adversely affect human health. Delhi’s smog is one such consequence.
    • Soil Fertility: Burning husk on the ground destroys the nutrients in the soil, making it less fertile and increases soil erosion on sloping land.
    • Heat Penetration: The heat generated by stubble burning penetrates into the soil, leading to the loss of moisture and useful microbes.

    Though the government provides incentives and subsidised machines for small and marginal farmers and has also declared stringent measures such as Section 188 of the IPC and the Air and Pollution Control Act of 1981, stubble burning remains a major issue in North India. Therefore, diverse and holistic long-term solutions need to be devised, such as:

    • Use an enzyme that decomposes stubble: Spraying an enzyme, which decomposes stubble into useful bio-fertilizer, will prove to be an effective method to check air pollution.
    • Installation of air filters near farm-fire areas: Air filters can be installed at places where farm fires incidents are being reported and limits for burning of stubble should also be set for the farmers.
    • Voluntary compliance: Voluntary compliance coupled with effective official assistance needs to be well formulated. For this, the cooperation of village panchayats, farmers unions, NGOs and existing agriculture infrastructure should also be solicited in addition to perceived channels.
    • Utilizing crop stubble: Instead of burning of the stubble, it can be used in different ways like cattle feed, roofing in rural areas, mushroom cultivation, packing materials, fuel, paper, bio- ethanol and industrial production, etc. Eminent agricultural scientist M.S. Swaminathan has suggested setting up of ‘Rice Bio Parks’,
    • Run biogas plants on stubble: Biogas plants that run on stubble should be set up and farmers must be shown the field demonstrations carried out by the agricultural department which shows that there is an increase in yield if stubble is incorporated in the field for three-four years. Stubble could be used for mulching by vegetable growers.

    Practices like the Gram Panchayat of Balloh village in Bathinda, which had announced Rs. 500 per acre subsidy for not burning stubble in the fields can be emulated as a model practice. Coordinated efforts of all stakeholders and aggressive campaigning and awareness of ill-effects of stubble burning on human life and soil health among the farming community must go hand in hand.

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Ronak Lal
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Ronak LalBegginer
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
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Give a thorough explanation of how coal is distributed throughout India.(Answer in 200 words)

upsc: mineral resource
  1. Malti devi
    Malti devi Learner

    Answer: Coal is a sedimentary rock with having high amount of carbon and hydrocarbons. It is combustible in nature and is classified as a non-renewable source of energy. It is found as Anthracite (90-95% Carbon content), Bituminous (60-80% Carbon content), Lignite (40-45% Carbon content) and Peat (Read more

    Answer: Coal is a sedimentary rock with having high amount of carbon and hydrocarbons. It is combustible in nature and is classified as a non-renewable source of energy. It is found as Anthracite (90-95% Carbon content), Bituminous (60-80% Carbon content), Lignite (40-45% Carbon content) and Peat (>40% Carbon content). Coal is the most important and abundant fossil fuel present in India. It accounts for more than 50% of India’s energy needs. The coal-bearing strata of India are geologically classified into two main categories, viz., Gondwana coal fields and Tertiary coal fields.

    • Gondwana Coal Fields: It comprises about 98 percent of the total reserves and 99 percent of the production of coal in India. In this system, there are 113 major coal fields found all over India. Gondwana coal is said to be about 250 million years old. Such fields are exclusively found in the peninsular region.
    • Tertiary Coal Fields: This rock system bears coals of younger age; from 15 to 60 million years. It shares only about 1% of the total coal production in India.

    Distribution and production of Gondwana coal in India:

    • Jharkhand: It has over 28 percent of the coal reserves and produces more than 20 percent of coal in India. There are 21 prominent coal fields in Jharkhand among which Jharia, Bokaro, and Rajmahal coalfields are famous.
    • Odisha: It is the second largest state with regard to coal reserves possessing 24.64 percent of the total reserves of India but is the third largest producer of coal contributing about 19 percent of the total coal production of the country. Talcher coalfields are one of the major •deposits.
    • Chhattisgarh: It has 16 percent of the coal reserves and produces over 21 percent of coal in India. Most of the coal fields of Chhattisgarh are located in the northern part of the state. Major coal fields include Korba and Tatapani.
    • West Bengal: It has over 11 percent of the coal reserves of the country but produces just over 4 percent of India’s coal. Raniganj is the largest coalfield in West Bengal.
    • Madhya Pradesh: It has about 8 percent of the coal reserves but contributes about 13 percent of the total coal production of India. Currently, Madhya Pradesh is the fourth largest coal-producing state of India. Major coalfields include Singrauli and Jhingurda.
    • Andhra Pradesh and Telangana: With only 7 percent of the reserves Andhra Pradesh and Telangana produce about 10 percent of India’s coal. Most of the coal reserves are in the Godavari Valley (Singreni coalfields).
    • Maharashtra: It has only 3 percent reserves, but accounts for over 7 percent of the production of coal in India. Kamptee Coalfields has the major coal deposits.

    Distribution and production of Tertiary Coal in India: This type of coal is present in Assam (Makum, Nazira, Mikir Hills), Meghalaya (Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia hills), Arunachal Pradesh (Namchick-Namrup coalfield), Jammu and Kashmir (Udhampur and Kalakot area) and in the Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. There has also been a phenomenal increase in the production of lignite coal in India. Although lignite deposits are found in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Kerala, Rajasthan, West Bengal, and Puducherry; Tamil Nadu (Neyveli coalfields) account for 90% of lignite reserves.

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Ronak Lal
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Ronak LalBegginer
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
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What kinds of alternative energy sources are there in India? Emphasize their role in supplying environmentally sustainable energy. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: energy resources
  1. Abhishek shaju
    Abhishek shaju Begginer

    India utilizes several non-conventional energy sources, including solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal, tidal, and wave energy. Solar and wind energy harness natural resources to generate clean power, significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Hydropower leverages river systems for reliableRead more

    India utilizes several non-conventional energy sources, including solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal, tidal, and wave energy. Solar and wind energy harness natural resources to generate clean power, significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Hydropower leverages river systems for reliable electricity while supporting flood control and irrigation. Biomass energy recycles organic waste into power, aiding waste management and supporting rural economies. Geothermal, tidal, and wave energy offer consistent and eco-friendly alternatives with minimal environmental impact. Collectively, these sources contribute to India’s goal of a sustainable and diversified energy mix, helping reduce reliance on fossil fuels and combat climate change.

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Ritu tyagi
  • -1
Ritu tyagiLearner
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
  • -1

Ferrous minerals: what are they? Describe the iron ore distribution in India in general terms using examples.(Answer in 200 words)

upsc: mineral resource
  1. Tanu Singh
    Tanu Singh Learner

    Answer: Ferrous minerals are those metallic minerals that contain iron in them. Some examples of ferrous minerals include iron, manganese, chromite, etc. which provide a strong base for metallurgical industries. India has sufficiently large reserves as well as production capacity of ferrous mineralsRead more

    Answer: Ferrous minerals are those metallic minerals that contain iron in them. Some examples of ferrous minerals include iron, manganese, chromite, etc. which provide a strong base for metallurgical industries. India has sufficiently large reserves as well as production capacity of ferrous minerals. In fact, India has one of the largest reserves of iron ore in Asia. The types of iron ore found in India are hematite and magnetite which, due to their superior quality, are in high demand in the international markets. Distribution of Iron ore in India Iron ore mines in India occur mostly in close proximity to the coal fields in the northeastern plateau region of the country and almost 95% of total reserves are located in the States of Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goa, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Odisha-Jharkhand Belt:

    • In Odisha, the hill ranges of Sundergarh, Mayurbhanj, and Jhar contain most of the iron ore deposits. The major mines in the state are Gurumahisani, Sulaipet, Badampahar (Mayurbhanj), Kiruburu(Kendujhar), and Bonai(Sundergarh).
    • In Jharkhand, similar hills contain some of the oldest and most important iron ore mines of the country such as Noamundi and Gua, which are located in east and west Singhbhum district.

    Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Belt:

    • The Jharkhand belt further extends to Durg, Dantewada, and Bailadila in Chattisgarh, and high-quality hematite ore is found in the Bailadila hills of the Bastar district.
    • Dalli and Rajhara in Durg district are the important mines of the Country.
    • Chandrapur lies in the State of Maharashtra.

    Ballari-Chitradurga- Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt in Karnataka:

    • It has large reserves of iron ore. Iron ores are found in the Sandur-Hospet area of Ballari district, Baba Budan hills, and Kudremukh in Chikkamagaluru district and parts of Shivamogga, Chitradurg and Tumakuru districts.

    Maharashtra-Goa belt:

    • This includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra, which contain ores of not very high quality but are exploited very efficiently.
    • Chandrapur and Bhandara are other districts with notable iron ore deposits in the State of Maharashtra.

    Other regions:

    • Karimnagar and Warangal districts of Telangana, Kurnool, Cuddapah, and Anantapur districts of Andhra Pradesh, Salem and Nilgiris districts of Tamil Nadu are other iron mining regions.

    Most of these mines are located in regions that are also abundant in coal and manganese deposits, which are important for production of the steel. Consequently, most of India’s steel production capacity is located in these regions.

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Malti devi
  • 0
Malti deviLearner
Asked: June 15, 2024In:
  • 0

List the main soil types and attributes found in India. It also describes how soil is distributed geographically throughout India. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: soils in india
  1. Debdatta Das
    Debdatta Das Begginer

    As known India is a land of diversity in terms of culture , varied topography , different climatic conditions along with its rich culture and historical backdrop.  The land is spread with a variety of soils in various parts of India ranging from alluvial soil , red soil , black soil, desert soil, anRead more

    As known India is a land of diversity in terms of culture , varied topography , different climatic conditions along with its rich culture and historical backdrop.  The land is spread with a variety of soils in various parts of India ranging from alluvial soil , red soil , black soil, desert soil, and many more such .

    Every soil is having its significant characteristics shaped by various natural processes such as that of weathering, erosion.

    Coming to the layout of various types of soil found in India along with its individual  characteristics :

     

    1. ALLUVIAL SOIL – This kind of soil is seen in the Indo-gangetic plain area along with that of the costal areas, this soil is known to be very fertile and this soil is spread around most of the areas like in PUNJAB, WEST BENGAL ,HARYANA ,UTTAR PRADESH and in the coastal areas of GUJRAT, TAMIL NADU ORRISA .

    Chracteristics :

    1. Fertile.
    2. It is of fine grained texture
    3. it is rich in minerals such as potash, lime ,and the phosphoric acid .
    4. good for the growth of soils such as rice, wheat , sugarcane

     

    Black soil –

    this soil is also known to be as the regur soil or popularly as the cotton soil found primarily at the deccan plateau region . This is very good soil for cotton cultivation .Found in areas such as in Madhya Pradesh , Gujrat

     

    Chracteristics :

    1. It is of black colour as it is having iron in it.
    2. these kind of soil usually becomes sticky when it becomes wet and it develops cracks when it dries up in summer .
    3. Rich in calcium, iron, potash.

     

    RED SOIL –

    As the name says it is red in colour found mostly in the southern .eastern along the central  regions of India . The  soils  found in  areas  like  in Karnataka, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh and in the chota nagpur plateau . This red colour is due to that of  iron oxide. Good for the production of crops like groundnut, millets, tobacoo, etc.

    LATERITE SOIL : This kind of soil is mostly found in the regions which receive that of heavy rainfall along with that of high temperature. This is found in the tropical areas in the areas  like  Kerela, Karnataka, West Bengal, Tamil  Nadu etc .

    this soil contains that of Iron and Magnesium mostly within it although poor in the minerals like nitrogen , potasium etc .

    This kind of soil is good for the production of crops like that of coffee, rubber, cotton cashew nuts etc .

     

    MOUINTAIN SOIL :

    This soil is also known to be as the forest soil as  the name suggests found mostly in the regions such as the mountaninous regions of India mostly in the Himalayan region along with the eastern and western ghats of India . This soil is formed due to the wheathring of rocks  due to high altitude.

    This soil ranges from the sandy to loamy textures . Found mostly in JAMMU AND KASHMIR , Skkim, Himachal Pradesh along the hilly trains of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu etc .

     

    This kind of soil good for cultivation of crops like that of the tea, coffee, spices, fruits that of apples , plums, etc .

     

    This is the varied types of soil with their characteristics and the spacial  distribution of soil in India.

     

     

     

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