Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Definition: Define coastal erosion as the process of coastline retreat due to natural and anthropogenic factors. Context: Mention India’s coastline length (approximately 7,500 km) and its significance. 2. Causes of Coastal Erosion A. Natural Processes Fact: Natural forces such as ...
Model Answer Introduction India is highly vulnerable to earthquake-related hazards due to its location in a seismically active region. The country has a long history of seismic activity, particularly in the northern and northeastern regions, which are prone to significant earthquakes. VulnerabilityRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
India is highly vulnerable to earthquake-related hazards due to its location in a seismically active region. The country has a long history of seismic activity, particularly in the northern and northeastern regions, which are prone to significant earthquakes.
Vulnerability of India to Earthquake-Related Hazards
India is situated at the convergence of several tectonic plates, making it susceptible to seismic events. The country is divided into four seismic zones, with most of the northern and northeastern regions classified under zones IV and V, which are considered highly active. These areas are prone to high-magnitude earthquakes, and the densely populated cities within them face severe risks from such events. Factors contributing to vulnerability include unplanned urbanization, inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of preparedness for disaster response.
Examples of Major Disasters Caused by Earthquakes in India
- Latur Earthquake (1993):
- Magnitude: 6.2
- Date: September 30, 1993
- Impact: Over 9,000 lives lost, significant damage to property and infrastructure in Maharashtra. The earthquake highlighted the vulnerability of traditional stone masonry structures in the region.
- Bhuj Earthquake (2001):
- Magnitude: 7.7
- Date: January 26, 2001
- Impact: More than 20,000 fatalities and extensive destruction of infrastructure in Gujarat. The disaster underscored the consequences of unmindful construction practices.
- Sikkim Earthquake (2011):
- Magnitude: 6.9
- Date: September 18, 2011
- Impact: Over 100 lives lost and widespread damage to infrastructure. The earthquake triggered numerous landslides, complicating rescue efforts.
Conclusion
The major earthquake disasters in the last three decades have emphasized the urgent need for improved preparedness, infrastructure, and coordination among various agencies to mitigate the impact of earthquakes. A comprehensive approach to earthquake risk reduction, including risk assessment, early warning systems, land-use planning, and public awareness campaigns, is essential for enhancing resilience against future seismic events.
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Model Answer Introduction Coastal erosion poses a significant environmental hazard to India’s extensive coastline, which measures approximately 7,500 kilometers. This phenomenon is primarily driven by natural processes, including wave action and tides, but is exacerbated by human activities. The conRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Coastal erosion poses a significant environmental hazard to India’s extensive coastline, which measures approximately 7,500 kilometers. This phenomenon is primarily driven by natural processes, including wave action and tides, but is exacerbated by human activities. The consequences of coastal erosion are profound, impacting communities, infrastructure, and ecosystems.
Causes of Coastal Erosion
A. Natural Processes
Natural forces, such as waves, tides, and currents, continuously shape coastlines, leading to erosion. Seasonal monsoon winds, cyclones, and storm surges can significantly intensify erosion rates.
B. Sea-Level Rise
Global warming and climate change have resulted in rising sea levels, making coastal areas more susceptible to erosion. Increased water levels heighten wave energy and the potential for erosion.
C. Human Activities
Human interventions, including the construction of ports and coastal structures, as well as sand mining and dredging, disrupt natural sediment transport. This interference limits the replenishment of sediment along the coast, leading to erosion, especially in states like Goa.
Effects of Coastal Erosion
A. Loss of Land and Infrastructure
Coastal erosion leads to the loss of valuable land, agricultural fields, and infrastructure such as roads and buildings. This loss displaces communities and disrupts local economies.
B. Ecosystem Degradation
Erosion depletes critical coastal ecosystems, including mangroves and coral reefs, which serve as natural barriers against erosion and provide habitats for marine life. Their degradation threatens biodiversity and fishery resources.
C. Increased Vulnerability
Eroded coastlines are more prone to the impacts of natural disasters like cyclones and tsunamis, which can have devastating effects on coastal communities.
Coastal Management Techniques
A. Beach Nourishment
This technique involves adding sediment to eroded beaches to restore their natural balance and provide temporary protection against erosion.
B. Coastal Armoring
Structures like seawalls and breakwaters dissipate wave energy but may lead to increased erosion in adjacent areas.
C. Dune Restoration
Restoring natural sand dunes helps protect against wave energy and storm surges while supporting local vegetation.
D. Managed Retreat
In areas with severe erosion, relocating communities inland allows natural processes to occur without compromising safety.
E. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
ICZM focuses on sustainable management of coastal zones through comprehensive planning and regulation of human activities to mitigate erosion.
Conclusion
Coastal erosion requires immediate attention to protect vulnerable coastlines. Effective management techniques, such as beach nourishment and integrated coastal zone management, are crucial for sustainable development and the preservation of India’s rich coastal heritage.
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