Disaster Management

Model Answer

Introduction

Landslides are among the most destructive natural disasters, causing significant loss of life and extensive property damage globally. They can be triggered by a variety of factors, including human activities and geological conditions.

Causes of Landslides

1. Geological Factors:
   • Geological characteristics such as soil type, rock composition, slope angle, and stability contribute to landslide susceptibility. For instance, in Himachal Pradesh, steep slopes with loose soil and rock are particularly prone to landslides .
2. Natural Factors:
   • Natural triggers include heavy rainfall, snowmelt, earthquakes, and volcanic activity. For example, in Assam, intense rainfall can saturate the soil, leading to instability and subsequent sliding downhill .
3. Human Factors:
   • Human activities such as deforestation, mining, and construction exacerbate landslide risks. In Kerala, deforestation destabilizes slopes, increasing the likelihood of landslides .

Effects of Landslides

1. Loss of Life:
   • Landslides can result in fatalities and serious injuries among populations in affected areas.
2. Damage to Property and Infrastructure:
   • They can cause extensive damage to buildings, roads, bridges, and other critical infrastructure, leading to substantial economic losses .
3. Environmental Damage:
   • Landslides can lead to soil erosion, loss of vegetation, and alterations to local watercourses, causing long-term ecological harm .

National Landslide Risk Management Strategy

1. Hazard Assessment:
   • Conducting hazard assessments to identify landslide-prone areas and evaluate potential impacts on communities and infrastructure is crucial .
2. Risk Mapping:
   • Mapping vulnerable areas helps prioritize them for risk reduction measures, ensuring targeted interventions .
3. Early Warning Systems:
   • Implementing early warning systems with sensors and monitoring devices can alert communities before landslides occur .
4. Land Use Planning:
   • Regulating human activities in high-risk areas through zoning regulations and building codes can mitigate risks .
5. Public Education and Awareness:
   • Campaigns to educate communities about landslide risks and emergency preparedness are essential for enhancing resilience .

Conclusion

Landslides pose significant hazards, but with a robust National Landslide Risk Management Strategy, risks can be effectively reduced. By implementing comprehensive assessments, mapping, early warning systems, land use planning, and public awareness initiatives, we can protect communities from the devastating impacts of landslides.

Model Answer

Introduction

Coastal erosion poses a significant environmental hazard to India’s extensive coastline, which measures approximately 7,500 kilometers. This phenomenon is primarily driven by natural processes, including wave action and tides, but is exacerbated by human activities. The consequences of coastal erosion are profound, impacting communities, infrastructure, and ecosystems.

Causes of Coastal Erosion

A. Natural Processes

Natural forces, such as waves, tides, and currents, continuously shape coastlines, leading to erosion. Seasonal monsoon winds, cyclones, and storm surges can significantly intensify erosion rates.

B. Sea-Level Rise

Global warming and climate change have resulted in rising sea levels, making coastal areas more susceptible to erosion. Increased water levels heighten wave energy and the potential for erosion.

C. Human Activities

Human interventions, including the construction of ports and coastal structures, as well as sand mining and dredging, disrupt natural sediment transport. This interference limits the replenishment of sediment along the coast, leading to erosion, especially in states like Goa.

Effects of Coastal Erosion

A. Loss of Land and Infrastructure

Coastal erosion leads to the loss of valuable land, agricultural fields, and infrastructure such as roads and buildings. This loss displaces communities and disrupts local economies.

B. Ecosystem Degradation

Erosion depletes critical coastal ecosystems, including mangroves and coral reefs, which serve as natural barriers against erosion and provide habitats for marine life. Their degradation threatens biodiversity and fishery resources.

C. Increased Vulnerability

Eroded coastlines are more prone to the impacts of natural disasters like cyclones and tsunamis, which can have devastating effects on coastal communities.

Coastal Management Techniques

A. Beach Nourishment

This technique involves adding sediment to eroded beaches to restore their natural balance and provide temporary protection against erosion.

B. Coastal Armoring

Structures like seawalls and breakwaters dissipate wave energy but may lead to increased erosion in adjacent areas.

C. Dune Restoration

Restoring natural sand dunes helps protect against wave energy and storm surges while supporting local vegetation.

D. Managed Retreat

In areas with severe erosion, relocating communities inland allows natural processes to occur without compromising safety.

E. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)

ICZM focuses on sustainable management of coastal zones through comprehensive planning and regulation of human activities to mitigate erosion.

Conclusion

Coastal erosion requires immediate attention to protect vulnerable coastlines. Effective management techniques, such as beach nourishment and integrated coastal zone management, are crucial for sustainable development and the preservation of India’s rich coastal heritage.