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Disaster Management

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Home/Disaster Management/Page 3

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 23, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Overview of Earthquake Risk: Introduce the geographical context of India as a hotspot for earthquakes due to tectonic plate boundaries, highlighting that over 60% of the country is vulnerable. 2. Reasons for Increased Frequency of Earthquakes Plate Tectonics: ...

upsc: disaster management
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction India’s location at the boundary of two converging tectonic plates makes it a hotspot for earthquakes, with over 60% of the country’s area vulnerable to seismic activity. Despite the significant threat, mitigation measures in India are inadequate. Reasons for the IncreasedRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    India’s location at the boundary of two converging tectonic plates makes it a hotspot for earthquakes, with over 60% of the country’s area vulnerable to seismic activity. Despite the significant threat, mitigation measures in India are inadequate.

    Reasons for the Increased Frequency of Earthquakes

    The increased frequency of earthquakes in the Indian subcontinent can be attributed to various factors. The primary reasons include:

    • Plate Tectonics: The collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate leads to significant seismic activity in the region.
    • Anthropogenic Activities: Activities such as mining and dam construction can trigger seismic events, contributing to the frequency of earthquakes.

    Recent Major Earthquakes in the Region

    The Indian subcontinent has witnessed several major earthquakes in recent years, including:

    • 2015 Nepal Earthquake: This magnitude 7.8 earthquake caused extensive damage and loss of life, affecting northern India significantly.
    • 2001 Bhuj Earthquake: A devastating earthquake that resulted in substantial destruction and casualties.
    • 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami: This catastrophic event led to widespread devastation, particularly in coastal regions of India.

    Gaps in India’s Preparedness for Mitigating the Impact of Earthquakes

    India’s ability to mitigate the impact of earthquakes has several significant gaps:

    • Lack of Building Codes: There is an absence of stringent building codes and seismic-resistant structures, leading to unsafe construction practices.
    • No Dedicated Agency: The lack of a dedicated agency for earthquake response and management hampers effective coordination during disasters.
    • Limited Public Awareness: There is insufficient public education on earthquake preparedness, which is crucial for community resilience.
    • Insufficient Resources: Funding and resources allocated for earthquake mitigation and response are inadequate.

    Mechanisms for Preparedness to Reduce the Risk During Earthquakes

    To reduce the impact of earthquakes, India needs to adopt a multi-faceted approach:

    • Development of Building Codes: Establishing and enforcing earthquake-resistant building codes is essential.
    • Dedicated Agency for Management: Creating a dedicated agency for earthquake management and response can improve coordination and effectiveness.
    • Regular Drills and Awareness Campaigns: Conducting regular earthquake drills and public awareness campaigns can enhance preparedness.
    • Investment in Research: Investing in research and development of innovative technologies for earthquake mitigation is crucial.

    Conclusion

    The increasing frequency of earthquakes in the Indian subcontinent highlights the urgent need for India to prioritize earthquake preparedness and mitigation efforts. By adopting a multi-faceted approach and investing in earthquake preparedness, India can save lives, reduce damage, and promote long-term economic stability. It is crucial for India to take immediate action to reduce the impact of earthquakes and ensure the safety and well-being of its citizens.

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Puja Singh
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Puja SinghBegginer
Asked: June 22, 2024In:
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Identify the different India Landslide Vulnerability Zones. List the steps that can be taken to lessen the effects of landslides as well. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: disaster management
  1. MEGHANA C VARGHESE
    MEGHANA C VARGHESE Begginer
    This answer was edited.
    Delineate the various Landslide Vulnerability Zones in India. Also, enumerate the measures that can be taken to mitigate the effects of landslides.

    Landslides happened in kerala recently in wayanad district and likely 200 people are killed,3069 admitted to hospitals and 191 missing cases. Continuous rain accompanied by landslides has caused disaster in this occurance. If we look forward, many similar cases could be found in the history.

    Landslides happened in kerala recently in wayanad district and likely 200 people are killed,3069 admitted to hospitals and 191 missing cases. Continuous rain accompanied by landslides has caused disaster in this occurance. If we look forward, many similar cases could be found in the history.

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Rishi Sharma
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Rishi SharmaBegginer
Asked: June 25, 2024In:
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Outlining the difficulties Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) encounter in responding to disasters, talk about how the Ministry of Panchayati Raj’s Disaster Management Plan can assist in resolving these difficulties. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: disaster management
  1. Ratnika Maurya
    Ratnika Maurya Begginer
    Highlighting the challenges faced by Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in tackling disasters, discuss how the Disaster Management Plan of the Ministry of Panchayati Raj can help in addressing these challenges.

    Here is the infographic that highlights the challenges faced by Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in tackling disasters and how the Disaster Management Plan of the Ministry of Panchayati Raj can help address these challenges.

    Here is the infographic that highlights the challenges faced by Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in tackling disasters and how the Disaster Management Plan of the Ministry of Panchayati Raj can help address these challenges.

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Anil Bhargav
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Anil BhargavBegginer
Asked: June 29, 2024In:
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Despite the fact that there are many causes of land subsidence, it is crucial to assess the potential impact and develop a long-term strategy to reduce any negative effects. Discuss. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: disaster management
  1. Soham Pal
    Soham Pal Begginer

    Land subsidence, or the progressive sinking of land, can be caused by a number of things, such as mining, groundwater extraction, natural sediment compaction, and seismic activity. It presents serious concerns, including the potential for building structural damage, unstable infrastructure, an increRead more

    Land subsidence, or the progressive sinking of land, can be caused by a number of things, such as mining, groundwater extraction, natural sediment compaction, and seismic activity. It presents serious concerns, including the potential for building structural damage, unstable infrastructure, an increased danger of flooding, and environmental deterioration. Therefore, evaluating its possible influence is essential to reducing these negative impacts. First off, precise information on subsidence patterns can be obtained by extensive monitoring systems that make use of GPS, satellite photography, and other technologies. Understanding the amount and rate of subsidence as well as forecasting future trends depend heavily on this data. Second, over-extraction-related subsidence can be lessened with the aid of sustainable water management techniques like controlling groundwater extraction and fostering the use of alternate water sources. Sinking regions can also be stabilized by artificially replenishing groundwater. Land subsidence, the gradual sinking of land, can result from various causes, including groundwater extraction, mining, natural compaction of sediments, and seismic activities. It poses significant risks such as structural damage to buildings, infrastructure instability, increased flood risk, and environmental degradation. Hence, assessing its potential impact is critical for mitigating these adverse effects. Thirdly, evaluations of the danger of subsidence must be incorporated into infrastructure development and urban planning. Construction methods and materials that endure the effects of subsidence should be mandated by building regulations and land-use policies. Finally, encouraging community participation in subsidence management programs and increasing public knowledge of the problem can help to unite efforts to resolve it. The negative effects of land subsidence can be successfully reduced by using a comprehensive strategy that incorporates scientific, governmental, and community-based tactics, guaranteeing safer and more resilient landscapes.

     

     

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shreya rakesh
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shreya rakeshBegginer
Asked: July 10, 2024In:
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  1. VISHAL MAHAWAR
    VISHAL MAHAWAR Begginer

    What Are the Major Factors to Study interior of Earth? Examine

    What Are the Major Factors to Study interior of Earth? Examine

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Tanshil
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TanshilBegginer
Asked: July 13, 2024In:
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How can we ensure that advanced disaster response technologies are accessible and effective in developing countries with limited infrastructure, and what role can local communities play in bridging potential technological gaps?

  1. Tushar Rajput
    Tushar Rajput Begginer

    Ensuring that advanced disaster response technologies are accessible and effective in developing countries with limited infrastructure is a critical challenge. Let’s explore some strategies and the vital role local communities can play: Systemic Response to Disasters: Recommendation: Countries shoulRead more

    Ensuring that advanced disaster response technologies are accessible and effective in developing countries with limited infrastructure is a critical challenge. Let’s explore some strategies and the vital role local communities can play:

    1. Systemic Response to Disasters:
      • Recommendation: Countries should establish disaster mitigation policies that remain in place regardless of changes in government. These policies should adopt a whole-of-government approach.
      • Why?: This consistency ensures that disaster responses are adequately funded, and budgets are allocated for disaster-resistant infrastructure, immediate relief, and rebuilding. It streamlines disaster risk reduction (DRR) processes and prevents incomplete responses to individual disasters.
    2. Advanced Planning:
      • Recommendation: Governments should plan ahead for disasters rather than reacting after they occur.
      • Why?: Identifying policies, procedures, and expected roles in advance allows for efficient deployment of disaster infrastructure. Community networks should be established to ensure timely response.
    3. Protect Critical Infrastructure:
      • Recommendation: Prioritize safeguarding traditional infrastructure (e.g., electricity, internet) as the foundation for newer technologies.
      • Why?: Reliable infrastructure enables connectivity, communication, and data exchange during emergencies.
    4. Aerial Robotics (Drones):
      • Role: Aerial robotics, including drones, can transform disaster aid. They:
        • Map terrain effectively.
        • Assess damage in real time.
        • Provide high-resolution mapping for situational awareness.
        • Deliver items faster and more efficiently.
      • Example: WeRobotics’ AidRobotics program uses drones to create high-resolution aerial images after flooding, aiding relief efforts.
    5. Community Engagement:
      • Role of Local Communities:
        • Identification of Needs: Communities understand their immediate needs best. They can identify vulnerabilities and challenges specific to their context.
        • Coordination and Preparedness: Local groups can coordinate preparations, supplement official response efforts, and implement emergency programs.
        • Decision Making: Involving communities in decision-making ensures relevance and effectiveness.
      • Why?: Communities are uniquely positioned to address local nuances that external agencies may overlook.
    6. Capacity Building:
      • Role of NGOs and Local Organizations:
        • NGOs can provide training and capacity-building programs.
        • Local organizations can learn to operate and maintain advanced technologies.
      • Why?: Empowering local actors ensures sustained use and maintenance of technology.
    7. Collaboration and Partnerships:
      • Role: Governments, NGOs, private sector, and local communities should collaborate.
      • Why?: Partnerships pool resources, share knowledge, and create a holistic approach to disaster response.

    In summary, bridging technological gaps requires a multi-stakeholder approach. By involving local communities, building capacity, and leveraging advanced technologies, we can enhance disaster resilience even in resource-constrained settings.

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Ameya Srivastava
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Ameya SrivastavaLearner
Asked: July 13, 2024In:
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What is the framework of Sendai? Describe the significant steps that India has taken to manage disasters based on the Sendai framework.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Jitendra Singh
    Jitendra Singh Begginer

    India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on account of its unique geo-climatic conditions. About 60% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities; over 40 million hectares is prone to floods; about 8% of the total area is prone to cyclones and 68% of the area isRead more

    India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on account of its unique geo-climatic conditions. About 60% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities; over 40 million hectares is prone to floods; about 8% of the total area is prone to cyclones and 68% of the area is susceptible to drought. Considering the vulnerabilities of India, Sendai Framework plays an important role in response, recovery and resilience of India in terms of disaster management.

    Sendai Framework

    1. Sendai framework is a 15-year voluntary, non-binding agreement adopted at the Third World Conference on DRR. It is a successor instrument to Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005- 2015.
    2. It recognizes that the State has the primary role to reduce disaster risk but that responsibility should be shared with other stakeholders including local government, the private sector and other stakeholders.
    3. The Sendai Framework has set seven targets and four priorities along with guidelines for a substantial reduction in losses including a reduction in the number of deaths from disasters, number of people affected by disasters, economic losses and infrastructure losses.
    4. It also calls for an increase in capacities through national and local strategies, international cooperation and improved access to early warning.
    5. The Sendai Framework works hand in hand with the other 2030 Agenda agreements, including The Paris Agreement on Climate Change, The Addis Ababa Action Agenda on Financing for Development, the New Urban Agenda, and ultimately the Sustainable Development Goals.

    Important Initiative Taken By India Based On Sendai Framework

    In furtherance to its commitment to the Sendai framework, the Government has taken up several important initiatives post-Sendai Declaration.

    1. Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Reduction (AMCDRR): India hosted the Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Reduction (AMCDRR) in November 2016. It provided an opportunity for multiple stakeholders to come together and make specific commitments to the implementation of Sendai Framework.
    2. New Delhi Declaration: The ‘New Delhi Declaration’ declares the commitment of participating governments towards preventing and reducing disaster risk, and strengthening the resilience of communities, nations in the Asian region. It also emphasises the need to enhance the capacity of communities and ensure participation of all stakeholder groups towards achieving resilience.
    3. Asian Regional Plan: The ‘Asian Regional Plan for Implementation of the Sendai Framework’ focuses on the ‘How to’ reduce disaster risk at national and local levels. It has arrived at a longer-term road map of cooperation and collaboration, spanning the 15-year horizon of the Sendai Framework, as well as a two-year action plan to further disaster risk reduction with specific, actionable activities.
    4. Prime Minister’s 10-Point Agenda on Disaster Risk Reduction: This agenda includes motives such as, to build a coalition to support disaster resilient infrastructure, encourage greater involvement and leadership of women, leverage technology to enhance the efficiency, develop a network of universities to work on disaster issues, utilize the opportunities provided by social media and mobile technologies, build on local capacity and initiative and bring about greater cohesion in the international response to disasters, etc.
    5. Training programmes: First national-level Training of Trainers programme for Sendai Framework was organised in 2017 by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in collaboration with the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). Aim of the programme was to sensitise various Central Ministries and Departments on the utilisation of Sendai Monitor for developing action plans for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR).
    6. International Cooperation on Disaster Management: India had signed bilateral/ multilateral agreements with the several countries for cooperation in the field of disaster management like SAARC Agreement on Rapid Response to Natural Disasters, Agreement between India and Russia on cooperation in the field of Emergency Management, and Joint Declaration of Intent (JDI) between India and Germany on cooperation in the field of Disaster Management, etc.
    7. KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND REGIONAL COOPERATION: India is keen to share her expertise and help other countries in disaster response as it did during the Japan Earthquake in 2011 and Nepal earthquake of 2015. The government of India is making consistent efforts to promote regional cooperation by hosting the SAARC Disaster Management Centre to reduce disaster risks in the region and promoting knowledge sharing among the SAARC countries.

    India Specific Initiatives

    1. A National Disaster Management Plan was framed by the NDMA. It provides a framework and direction to the government agencies for all phases of the disaster management cycle. It has short, medium and long term measures that will be completed within the time frame of 5, 10, and 15 years. 2.
    2. The Government of India has issued a set of priority actions to all the State Government based on the goals, targets and priorities of Sendai Framework 2015-2030.
    3. In line with Sendai priority 4, National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) is strengthened, both in terms of state-of-the-art training and equipment so as to further empower it as a professional disaster response force.
    4. Government of India has approved the creation of National Disaster Response Reserve (NDRR) through a revolving fund of Rs.250 crore to be operated by the National Disaster Response Force. This dedicated fund would enable the NDRF to maintain a ready inventory of emergency goods and services.
    5. The Government of India has constituted the National Disaster Response Force Academy at National Civil Defence College, Nagpur for training to personnel involved in disaster management and response.

    The Sendai Framework also calls upon all the stakeholders to be involved in disaster preparedness and mitigation planning as well as the relief and recovery phase. In the mission of Disaster Risk Reduction, there is a need for collaboration by all entities, public and private, to strengthen the mechanisms for disaster risk reduction by using and sharing reliable and affordable modern technology for capacity building. The country requires protocols to involve civil society in myriad post-COVID roles.

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Ameya Srivastava
  • 1
Ameya SrivastavaLearner
Asked: July 13, 2024In:
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Local people used their indigenous and traditional wisdom to respond to natural disasters long before we began employing cutting-edge technologies for disaster management. Discuss, using an example, how traditional knowledge contributes to disaster management in light of the assertion.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Kirti Sharvan
    Kirti Sharvan Begginer

    Natural disasters are not a new phenomenon. History of the havoc of natural disasters is as old as the history of mankind on the face of planet earth. The urge for survival helped human beings to observe and study the behaviour pattern of Nature around them and prepare themselves for forthcoming disRead more

    Natural disasters are not a new phenomenon. History of the havoc of natural disasters is as old as the history of mankind on the face of planet earth. The urge for survival helped human beings to observe and study the behaviour pattern of Nature around them and prepare themselves for forthcoming disasters. These observations are preserved in the form of traditional knowledge in the minds of local communities, which comes to rescue at the time of natural disasters. According to the World Risk Index, six out of the world׳s ten highest disaster risk countries are in Asia and the Pacific. Thus we find riches of traditional knowledge here to respond to disasters.

    Some Of The General Observations Due To Traditional Knowledge

    1. Landslide: New cracks or unusual bulges in the ground or street pavements; Rapid increase in stream water levels; Sticking doors and windows and sudden decrease in stream water levels though rain is still falling or just recently stopped.
    2. Earthquake: Different behaviour of a particular variety of fish (Singhi) which comes to the top of the water level before an earthquake.
    3. Tornado: Sudden change in the colour of the sky.
    4. Floods: In coastal communities, since ancient times communities have been using bioindicators like Tree-Tempe-tank being situated at elevated areas is the safest flood shelter, black ants with eggs climbing up, symbolises heavy rain.
    5. Wildfires and desertification: Running cows indicates severity during village fire, the direction of wind indicates the weather forecast and growth of wild indicates desertification. These have over the years been culturally accepted and tested for successful results.

    Some Successful Practices In India Using Traditional Knowledge

    1. The Kashmir region is known for its traditional earthquake-safe construction practices, where two types of construction practices are prevalent: Taq system (timber laced masonry) and Dhajji-Dewari system (timber frame with infill walls).
    2. Traditional Bamboo plantation in Northeast: Planting bamboo helps to protect the bunds from being breached and prevent rapid runoff from the river channel when the river overflows during heavy rainy days. Moreover, planting bamboo along fish ponds and paddy fields prevents soil erosion and stops water from submerging low areas during peak flooding days.
    3. In Tamil Nadu, to protect crops from floods, farmers plant flood-resistant paddy seed using indigenous agriculture practices. They broadcast the seeds in late summer and early monsoon without any chemical fertilizer, it grows well and before the flood season its root goes deep and the plant becomes strong. Such plants grow so well that during harvesting the plants are cut into two pieces; one is used for fodder and the other part for the annual renovation of thatched houses.
    4. In West Bengal and Odisha, to save fish from floods, farmers in the coastal regions put bamboo pegs in the fish pond before the flood and just before the pond submerges with flood water they hang fried fenugreek on these pegs at different places in a pond putting it in thin cotton cloths. As per the farmers, if the fried fenugreek is hanged inside the pond then the fishes don’t leave the pond. This considerably reduced the risk of washing away from the fishes in floodwater.
    5. Taanka is a traditional rainwater harvesting technique indigenous to the Thar desert region of Rajasthan. A Tanaka is a cylindrical paved underground pit into which rainwater from rooftops, courtyards or artificially prepared catchments flows. Once filled, the water stored in a tank can last throughout the dry season and is sufficient for a family of 5-6 members. Similar practices in the form of Johad, Khadin, Kund, and Baoli, etc. helps the communities to withstand the drought and harsh climate.
    6. Indigenous communities of Andhra Pradesh and other drought-prone areas practice shifting cultivation and grow drought-resistant tuber crops which follow a cycle providing enough space for conservation.

    Some Examples From The Globe

    1. Tsunami in Indonesia: In the islands of Indonesia singing of the animal below is believed to work as a premonition of disaster. This phenomenon is used as an early warning sign for tsunami waves. This has significantly helped the tsunami vulnerable island community to take appropriate action on the tsunami warning.
    2. Floating Gardens of Bangladesh and Boat Schools: Many parts of Bangladesh are flooded either due to a large coastline in the Bay of Bengal or due to flooded rivers of the country. A novel method of farming in moving boats with the help of traditional knowledge has come to rescue the communities from economic impacts of frequent floods. Similarly, even in floods, students do not miss their classes due to Boat schools.
    3. Traditional predictions of calamities in Africa: In African countries, drought and occasional floods are common disasters. Communities predict the calamity by observing the height of the nests of the amahlokohloko bird (Ploceus spp.) on trees to predict floods. When floods are likely to occur the nesting of the amahlokohloko is very high up the trees next to a river and when floods are unlikely the nests are low down. They also used the cry of certain birds to predict rain and yields of certain wild fruit plants to predict famine.

    The important role that local knowledge and practices can play in reducing risk and improving disaster preparedness is now acknowledged by disaster risk reduction specialists. However, they have yet to be commonly used by communities, scientists, practitioners and policy-makers. The local and indigenous knowledge needs to be integrated with science and advanced technologies before it can be used in policies, education, and actions related to disaster risk reduction and climate change.

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Harshita
  • 0
HarshitaBegginer
Asked: July 14, 2024In:
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question
  1. Diya Vinod
    Diya Vinod Begginer

    A well-thought-out plan and the required materials are needed to prepare for natural disasters like hurricanes and earthquakes. There are various actions that can be taken to guarantee personal and family protection. Below are some of the steps: (i) Basic Emergency Kit: This could contain nonperishaRead more

    A well-thought-out plan and the required materials are needed to prepare for natural disasters like hurricanes and earthquakes. There are various actions that can be taken to guarantee personal and family protection. Below are some of the steps:

    (i) Basic Emergency Kit: This could contain nonperishable food products (like rice, wheat, honey, powdered milk), drinking water, batteries, and other items for first aid.

    (ii) Emergency strategy: Talk to your family and create an escape route and communication strategy for any emergency.

    (iii) Safeguarding Household Goods: Make sure to lock up bulky furniture and appliances to prevent them from toppling over and hurting people in the event of an emergency.

    (iv) Important Documents and valuables must be stored in a secure location that is simple to get to.

    (v) Keep track of the weather prediction!

    (vi) Keep yourself safe and organized!

    By taking these precautions, families and individuals can lower their risks and increase their level of readiness for these natural disasters. Staying safe requires being prepared!

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Sonali B
  • 1
Sonali BBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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Does a good disaster risk reduction formula involve community resilience?

upsc: disaster management
  1. Kartik Sharma
    Kartik Sharma Begginer

    Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing, and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as deal with the environmental and other hazards that trigger them. Community resilience is the sustained abilityRead more

    Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing, and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as deal with the environmental and other hazards that trigger them. Community resilience is the sustained ability of a community to use available resources (energy, communication, transportation, food, etc.) to respond to, withstand, and recover from adverse situations. This allows for the adaptation and growth of a community after disaster strikes. The scope of community resilience extends beyond natural disasters and includes man made ones too.

    Role Of Community Resilience In Drr

    1. Communities are getting increasingly complex, and so are the challenges they face. Human-caused and natural disasters are more frequent now and costly too. Factors like climate change, globalization, and increased urbanization can bring disaster related risks to greater numbers of people.
    2. In this backdrop community resilience becomes crucial. Developing community resilience benefits disaster planners and community members alike. It expands the traditional preparedness approach by encouraging actions that build preparedness while also promoting strong community systems.
    3. In disaster risk reduction key preparedness activities such as continuity of operations plans for organizations, compiling disaster kits etc continue to be essential. A resilience approach adds features like building social connectedness and improving everyday health, wellness, and community systems.
    4. Earlier, the approach to Disaster Management (DM) was primarily reactive and relief-centric. However, disaster response alone is not sufficient as it yields only temporary results at a very high cost.
    5. Community resilience allows better planning for disasters to reduce disaster losses-rather than waiting for an event to occur and paying for it afterward.
    6. Although disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a proactive stance where communities actively engage in enhancing resilience will reduce many of the broad societal and economic burdens that disasters can cause.
    7. The emphasis on community resilience has emerged from the need to identify principles and measures to protect development gains from shocks and stresses. Thus the aim here is to engage the community to ensure that shocks and stresses do not lead to a long-term downturn in development progress.

    Community Resilience Is Not Enough

    Communities do not exist in isolation. The level of a community’s resilience is also influenced by capacities outside the community, in particular by emergency management services but also by other social and administrative services, public infrastructure, and a web of socio-economic and political linkages with the wider world. Apart from community resilience we need:

    1. Understanding Disaster Risk by promoting the collection, analysis, management, and use of relevant data and practical information and ensuring its dissemination.
    2. Strengthening disaster risk governance by establishing and strengthening government coordination forums composed of relevant stakeholders at the national and local levels, and having a designated national focal point for implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.
    3. Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction.
    4. To enhance international mechanisms, such as the International Recovery Platform, for the sharing of experience and learning among countries and all relevant stakeholders.

    Disaster Management has to be a multi-disciplinary and proactive approach. Besides various measures for putting in place institutional and policy framework, disaster prevention, mitigation, community resilience, and preparedness have a key role to play in achieving our goal of moving together, towards a safer India.

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