Disaster Management
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What are industrial disasters? Discuss with adequate examples. Also, highlight the institutional framework for risk reduction of industrial disasters.
Industrial disasters are serious events that involve hazardous materials and that can have hazardous consequences both for the surrounding population and environment. Industrial accidents, also known as technological disasters, are non-natural calamities. Different types of industrial disasters ExplRead more
Industrial disasters are serious events that involve hazardous materials and that can have hazardous consequences both for the surrounding population and environment. Industrial accidents, also known as technological disasters, are non-natural calamities.
Different types of industrial disasters
The legal framework for risk reduction of such events is discussed as follows:
Besides, multi-stakeholder participation, proactive awareness campaigns, shared best practices and effective implementation of policy is key to addressing industrial disasters. Under UNISDR disaster risk, the recent “Bangkok Principles” open up opportunities for collaboration between all relevant sectors and stakeholders in disaster-affected areas.
See lessExplain what you understand by a chemical disaster with examples from the Indian context. Also, mention the challenges to mitigate such disasters and discuss how these challenges can be addressed.
A chemical disaster is the accidental and uncontrolled release of a toxic substance, potentially resulting in harm to public health and the environment. Some examples of chemical disasters from the Indian context include: India has witnessed the world's worst chemical (industrial) disaster ie. the 'Read more
A chemical disaster is the accidental and uncontrolled release of a toxic substance, potentially resulting in harm to public health and the environment.
Some examples of chemical disasters from the Indian context include:
Challenges to mitigate chemical disasters:
Laws such as the Explosives Act, of 1884, the Petroleum Act, of 1934, the Factories Act, of 1948, the Insecticides Act, of 1968, the Environment (Protection) Act, of 1986, the Public Liability Insurance Act, of 1991, and the Disaster Management Act, of 2005, etc. have been implemented in India to deal with chemical disasters. Although a comprehensive legal framework exists in our country to address chemical risk, additional measures are required to address the above-mentioned challenges. These include:
Additionally, the focus should be on setting up model safety codes/ standards for the prevention of accidents at the industry level by upgrading processes and technologies for safety installations along with strengthening the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), fire services, medical first responders, and other emergency responders.
See lessThough land subsidence can happen for a host of reasons, it is imperative to estimate its possible impact and chalk out a sustainable plan to minimise the adverse impact. Discuss.
The United States Geological Survey describes land subsidence as a gradual settling or sudden sinking of Earth's surface due to removal or displacement of subsurface earth materials. Land subsidence is a global problem and host of reasons are responsible for it as given below: Geographical factors:Read more
The United States Geological Survey describes land subsidence as a gradual settling or sudden sinking of Earth’s surface due to removal or displacement of subsurface earth materials. Land subsidence is a global problem and host of reasons are responsible for it as given below:
Considering these reasons, it is imperative to estimate its possible impacts as given below:
Hence, it is necessary to chalk out a sustainable plan to minimise the adverse impacts as follows:
In addition, the recommendations of Mahesh Chandra Mishra committee to minimise the adverse impacts like restrictions on heavy construction work, agriculture on slopes, felling of trees, construction of pucca drainage to stop seepage of rainwater, proper sewage system, and cement blocks on riverbanks to prevent erosion can be considered specifically in sensitive areas.
See lessHighlight the significance of international cooperation in disaster risk reduction. Also, state the initiatives taken by India to strengthen regional cooperation for reducing disasters.
With a near doubling of major disaster events over the last 20 years and the impact of climate change on the frequency of disasters, enhanced international cooperation in disaster risk reduction has become an important aspect of international relations. Significance of international cooperation in dRead more
With a near doubling of major disaster events over the last 20 years and the impact of climate change on the frequency of disasters, enhanced international cooperation in disaster risk reduction has become an important aspect of international relations.
Significance of international cooperation in disaster risk reduction:
There are various international agencies working together in disaster risk reduction and several initiatives have been taken in this regard such as the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, etc.
India’s role in strengthening regional cooperation for reducing disasters:
The engagement of multiple stakeholders at the regional level to effectively manage natural disasters would not only help in devising a functional system of collective disaster management but also in achieving sustainable development.
See lessIn view of the extensive waterlogging and flooding of cities in India, it has become increasingly important to shift away from traditional approaches to flood management. Discuss. Also, state some alternative approaches that can be adopted in this context.
There has been an increasing trend of urban flood disasters in India over the past several years whereby major cities have been severely affected. Most recently, Bengaluru was brought to a standstill due to flooding of the city (2022). In the 2020 floods in Hyderabad, thousands of houses were submerRead more
There has been an increasing trend of urban flood disasters in India over the past several years whereby major cities have been severely affected. Most recently, Bengaluru was brought to a standstill due to flooding of the city (2022). In the 2020 floods in Hyderabad, thousands of houses were submerged. Similarly, the 2015 Chennai flood was devastating. To combat such occurrences, cities have mostly relied on traditional approaches of flood management termed ‘Grey Infrastructure’. Grey infrastructure refers to structures such as dams, seawalls, roads, pipes, or water treatment plants.
Issues with this traditional approach to flood management:
Therefore, there is a need for alternative approaches to urban flood management. Many cities around the world are adopting nature-based solutions (NBS) that are socio-ecologically sound to reduce the loss of lives and livelihoods from urban floods. These measures can be exercised at both ends of the system, from individuals in households to local government bodies. They include the following:
India’s urban population is expected to reach 814 million by 2050, with the addition of four new megacities by 2030. Therefore, there is an urgent need to recognize and advocate the adoption of NBS at the national level to mitigate urban flooding and include them as crucial components of city Master Plans and urban renewal schemes in India.
See lessDelineate the various Landslide Vulnerability Zones in India. Also, enumerate the measures that can be taken to mitigate the effects of landslides.
A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. Landslides are a type of "mass wasting," which denotes any down-slope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity. Landslide Vulnerability Zones in India: Very High Vulnerability Zone: HighlyRead more
A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. Landslides are a type of “mass wasting,” which denotes any down-slope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity.
Landslide Vulnerability Zones in India:
Measures to mitigate the effect of landslides:
Landslide hazard is one of the more difficult ones to address, as it involves extensive risk analysis and geotechnical investigations, in addition to risk maps. For critical infrastructure, the non structural mitigation measures for reducing consequences such as warning system, evacuation plans, and restriction of construction should be given importance along with structural mitigation measures to reduce the impact on operational activity during such a hazard.
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