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Disaster Management

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Home/Disaster Management/Page 14

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Lakshmi Devi
  • 1
Lakshmi DeviBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In:
  • 1

Numerous chemical accidents, such as the Bhopal gas tragedy and the Visakhapatnam gas leak, have highlighted the dangers associated with hazardous chemicals (HAZCHEM) in India. Talk about the shortcomings and level of readiness for Chemical Disaster Management (CDM) in India ...

upsc: disaster management
  1. Babita Singh
    Babita Singh Begginer

    The Bhopal Gas tragedy of 1984 is the amongst the worst chemical disaster in history, where over 2000 people died due to the accidental release of the toxic gas Methyl Isocyanate. Recently, the Vizag gas leak at LG Polymers plant in Visakhapatnam killed 12 people and sickened hundreds. Chemical disaRead more

    The Bhopal Gas tragedy of 1984 is the amongst the worst chemical disaster in history, where over 2000 people died due to the accidental release of the toxic gas Methyl Isocyanate. Recently, the Vizag gas leak at LG Polymers plant in Visakhapatnam killed 12 people and sickened hundreds. Chemical disasters, though low in frequency, have the potential to cause significant immediate or long-term damage, like injuries, permanent disabilities, loss of lives, damage to property and environment. India is amongst the very few countries, which have enshrined the right to live in a clean and wholesome environment as a fundamental right. After the Bhopal disaster in 1984, Chemical Disaster Management (CDM) received greater emphasis and following steps have been taken to prepare the mechanism to deal with any such disaster:

    • Regulatory framework: There are various legislations, which take into account CDM. For, example, Indian factories Act, 1948, The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989, The Chemical Weapons Convention Act 2000, CAEPPR Rules 1996, Public Liability Insurance Act 1991, Explosives Act-1884, Insecticide Act-1968, Environment (Protection) Act-1986, and Disaster Management (DM) Act-2005. These regulatory frameworks deal with various issues like working conditions, regulating the usage of chemicals, mitigation efforts etc.
    • Institutional framework: A separate Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), has been earmarked as the nodal ministry for management of chemical disasters to ease coordination amongst other ministries, institutions and agencies to manage these disasters. Besides, research institutes like IITs, NEERI, etc. are also working in this domain.
    • NDMA guidelines to ministries/departments and states for preparing DM plans: The guidelines focus on all aspects of the DM cycle including prevention, mitigation, preparedness, relief, rehabilitation and recovery.
    • Other technical efforts: Installation of major accident Hazard Control System, GIS-based Emergency Management System, Environment Risk Reporting and Information Systems (ERRIS), etc.
    • Capacity building: Financial assistance has been provided for capacity development in CDM to various disaster management training institutes.

    While considerable progress has been made in the management of chemical disasters, critical gaps still exist in certain areas

    • Complex web of laws: Regulatory frameworks have numerous laws for various aspects under different ministries thus making it more difficult in terms of synchronizing the policies and have various issues at implementation levels and making it even more difficult for regulations.
    • Gaps in codes of practices, procedures and standards: There is a lack of national level risk assessment criteria and acceptable risks for chemical plants. Also, there are lacunae in procedure for conduct of safety audit and departmental inspections.
    • Untrained professionals: There is a lack of knowledge amongst the government officials, medical staff, as well as staff of the industry on CDM. Also, there is a shortage of clear accessible information on potential chemical hazards and their management.
    • Infrastructural gaps: Institutional framework for providing technical support at various levels is a key requirement for sustaining proper development and implementation of an effective disaster management system. These have not been fully identified.
    • Gaps in post disaster management: Mechanisms to deal with social and economic impacts of chemicals on human health, society and the environment, including liability, compensation and redress are not streamlined and strengthened to take adequate care of post disaster mitigation.

    Although good efforts have been made to minimize such accidents and to improve emergency preparedness at all levels, more needs to be done. One step in this regard can be preparing a database of all potential chemicals used in industries. Substantial efforts are still required to predict the potential occurrence of disasters, assess the damage potential, issue warnings, and to take other precautionary measures to mitigate their effects.

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Vihaan Choudhury
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Vihaan ChoudhuryLearner
Asked: January 22, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction: Briefly introduce the Bay of Bengal region and its vulnerability to natural disasters (cyclones, tsunamis, floods, etc.). Mention the littoral states of the Bay of Bengal: India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand. State the importance of disaster preparedness in ...

upsc: disaster management
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Steps Taken by Littoral States The littoral states of the Bay of Bengal—India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand—have made considerable progress in disaster preparedness, focusing on key strategies to mitigate natural disaster impacts. Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR):Read more

    Model Answer

    Steps Taken by Littoral States

    The littoral states of the Bay of Bengal—India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand—have made considerable progress in disaster preparedness, focusing on key strategies to mitigate natural disaster impacts.

    1. Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR): The region has seen significant collaboration in HADR, with India playing a pivotal role through its “five-fold framework for maritime engagement” to support regional disaster management efforts.
    2. Enhanced Disaster Preparedness: The establishment of early warning systems (EWS), strengthening of coastal defences, and disaster management exercises have improved the region’s preparedness. For example, the BIMSTEC Centre on Weather and Climate (BCWC) has been instrumental in addressing weather-related challenges.
    3. Improved Coordination: Regional cooperation has been fostered, with India hosting two disaster management exercises under BIMSTEC to improve response strategies among member countries.

    Challenges Limiting Effectiveness

    Despite these efforts, the disaster preparedness in the Bay of Bengal region remains limited due to several constraints.

    1. Lack of a Regional Security Agenda: There is no dedicated security agenda focusing on shared natural disaster vulnerabilities, which hinders a unified approach to disaster management.
    2. Fragmented Approaches: While individual countries have made strides, the regional coordination and integration of efforts remain weak. The primary regional organization, BIMSTEC, struggles with financial constraints and limited operational capacity.
    3. Inadequate Infrastructure: Many regions in the Bay of Bengal suffer from poor infrastructure, such as fragile housing and high population density, which exacerbates the effects of disasters. For instance, the lack of robust infrastructure contributes to significant casualties during disasters.
    4. Limited Inter-State Knowledge Sharing: There is insufficient exchange of best practices among the littoral states. While Bangladesh has a renowned Cyclone Preparedness Programme, and Thailand has efficient last-mile tsunami warnings, these practices are not systematically adopted across the region.
    5. Environmental and Climate Challenges: Environmental degradation, such as mangrove loss and coastal erosion, reduces the natural defences of the region, making it more vulnerable to disasters.

    Conclusion

    Despite substantial progress, a comprehensive, multi-state disaster relief authority could strengthen the region’s ability to effectively manage and mitigate the impacts of natural disasters.

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Ayushi Shrivastwa
  • 0
Ayushi ShrivastwaBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
  • 0

What are the predicted long-term consequences of climate change if no action is taken?

question
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    Climate change refers to the long term changes in the Earth's climate especially a change in the average weather conditions or in the distribution of weather patterns over a significant period of time (decades to millions of years) which can be caused by various factors including variations in solarRead more

    Climate change refers to the long term changes in the Earth’s climate especially a change in the average weather conditions or in the distribution of weather patterns over a significant period of time (decades to millions of years) which can be caused by various factors including variations in solar radiation, volcanic eruptions and human activities, particularly the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor.

    Long term consequences of Climate change –

    1. Rising sea levels due to climate change will cause catastrophic coastal flooding, erosion, saltwater intrusion, displacement of millions, loss of infrastructure and destruction of ecosystems, habitats and livelihoods worldwide.
    2. Climate driven extreme weather events will intensify by causing devastating heat waves, droughts, floods and storms, leading to loss of life, displacement, food insecurity, economic disruption and infrastructure destruction globally.
    3. Coral bleaching due to climate change causes devastating consequences by habitat loss for marine life, fishery decline, reduced shoreline protection, decreased tourism,l and economic losses, threatening reef ecosystems’ very existence.
    4. Fuels human migration and conflict by displacing millions, straining resources and sparking social unrest, as drought, sea level rise, and scarcity of food and water escalate tensions.
    5. Imperils food and water security by causing crop failures, reduced yields, changed growing seasons, water scarcity and increased food prices, threatening global stability and human well being.

     

    Climate change demands urgent collective action as its devastating impacts on ecosystems, economies and human well being intensify, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices, renewable energy and global cooperation.

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Ameya Srivastava
  • 1
Ameya SrivastavaLearner
Asked: July 13, 2024In:
  • 1

Local people used their indigenous and traditional wisdom to respond to natural disasters long before we began employing cutting-edge technologies for disaster management. Discuss, using an example, how traditional knowledge contributes to disaster management in light of the assertion.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Kirti Sharvan
    Kirti Sharvan Begginer

    Natural disasters are not a new phenomenon. History of the havoc of natural disasters is as old as the history of mankind on the face of planet earth. The urge for survival helped human beings to observe and study the behaviour pattern of Nature around them and prepare themselves for forthcoming disRead more

    Natural disasters are not a new phenomenon. History of the havoc of natural disasters is as old as the history of mankind on the face of planet earth. The urge for survival helped human beings to observe and study the behaviour pattern of Nature around them and prepare themselves for forthcoming disasters. These observations are preserved in the form of traditional knowledge in the minds of local communities, which comes to rescue at the time of natural disasters. According to the World Risk Index, six out of the world׳s ten highest disaster risk countries are in Asia and the Pacific. Thus we find riches of traditional knowledge here to respond to disasters.

    Some Of The General Observations Due To Traditional Knowledge

    1. Landslide: New cracks or unusual bulges in the ground or street pavements; Rapid increase in stream water levels; Sticking doors and windows and sudden decrease in stream water levels though rain is still falling or just recently stopped.
    2. Earthquake: Different behaviour of a particular variety of fish (Singhi) which comes to the top of the water level before an earthquake.
    3. Tornado: Sudden change in the colour of the sky.
    4. Floods: In coastal communities, since ancient times communities have been using bioindicators like Tree-Tempe-tank being situated at elevated areas is the safest flood shelter, black ants with eggs climbing up, symbolises heavy rain.
    5. Wildfires and desertification: Running cows indicates severity during village fire, the direction of wind indicates the weather forecast and growth of wild indicates desertification. These have over the years been culturally accepted and tested for successful results.

    Some Successful Practices In India Using Traditional Knowledge

    1. The Kashmir region is known for its traditional earthquake-safe construction practices, where two types of construction practices are prevalent: Taq system (timber laced masonry) and Dhajji-Dewari system (timber frame with infill walls).
    2. Traditional Bamboo plantation in Northeast: Planting bamboo helps to protect the bunds from being breached and prevent rapid runoff from the river channel when the river overflows during heavy rainy days. Moreover, planting bamboo along fish ponds and paddy fields prevents soil erosion and stops water from submerging low areas during peak flooding days.
    3. In Tamil Nadu, to protect crops from floods, farmers plant flood-resistant paddy seed using indigenous agriculture practices. They broadcast the seeds in late summer and early monsoon without any chemical fertilizer, it grows well and before the flood season its root goes deep and the plant becomes strong. Such plants grow so well that during harvesting the plants are cut into two pieces; one is used for fodder and the other part for the annual renovation of thatched houses.
    4. In West Bengal and Odisha, to save fish from floods, farmers in the coastal regions put bamboo pegs in the fish pond before the flood and just before the pond submerges with flood water they hang fried fenugreek on these pegs at different places in a pond putting it in thin cotton cloths. As per the farmers, if the fried fenugreek is hanged inside the pond then the fishes don’t leave the pond. This considerably reduced the risk of washing away from the fishes in floodwater.
    5. Taanka is a traditional rainwater harvesting technique indigenous to the Thar desert region of Rajasthan. A Tanaka is a cylindrical paved underground pit into which rainwater from rooftops, courtyards or artificially prepared catchments flows. Once filled, the water stored in a tank can last throughout the dry season and is sufficient for a family of 5-6 members. Similar practices in the form of Johad, Khadin, Kund, and Baoli, etc. helps the communities to withstand the drought and harsh climate.
    6. Indigenous communities of Andhra Pradesh and other drought-prone areas practice shifting cultivation and grow drought-resistant tuber crops which follow a cycle providing enough space for conservation.

    Some Examples From The Globe

    1. Tsunami in Indonesia: In the islands of Indonesia singing of the animal below is believed to work as a premonition of disaster. This phenomenon is used as an early warning sign for tsunami waves. This has significantly helped the tsunami vulnerable island community to take appropriate action on the tsunami warning.
    2. Floating Gardens of Bangladesh and Boat Schools: Many parts of Bangladesh are flooded either due to a large coastline in the Bay of Bengal or due to flooded rivers of the country. A novel method of farming in moving boats with the help of traditional knowledge has come to rescue the communities from economic impacts of frequent floods. Similarly, even in floods, students do not miss their classes due to Boat schools.
    3. Traditional predictions of calamities in Africa: In African countries, drought and occasional floods are common disasters. Communities predict the calamity by observing the height of the nests of the amahlokohloko bird (Ploceus spp.) on trees to predict floods. When floods are likely to occur the nesting of the amahlokohloko is very high up the trees next to a river and when floods are unlikely the nests are low down. They also used the cry of certain birds to predict rain and yields of certain wild fruit plants to predict famine.

    The important role that local knowledge and practices can play in reducing risk and improving disaster preparedness is now acknowledged by disaster risk reduction specialists. However, they have yet to be commonly used by communities, scientists, practitioners and policy-makers. The local and indigenous knowledge needs to be integrated with science and advanced technologies before it can be used in policies, education, and actions related to disaster risk reduction and climate change.

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Eshan Nair
  • 0
Eshan NairBegginer
Asked: July 27, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine the obstacles to implementing inclusive, gender-responsive disaster management policies and practices in India.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Pranay Nair
    Pranay Nair Begginer

    Analyzing the Challenges in Ensuring Gender-Responsive and Inclusive Disaster Management Policies and Practices in India 1. Introduction Ensuring that disaster management policies and practices are gender-responsive and inclusive is crucial for effective and equitable disaster response. In India, whRead more

    Analyzing the Challenges in Ensuring Gender-Responsive and Inclusive Disaster Management Policies and Practices in India

    1. Introduction

    Ensuring that disaster management policies and practices are gender-responsive and inclusive is crucial for effective and equitable disaster response. In India, where disasters affect diverse populations, integrating gender and inclusivity considerations into disaster management is essential for addressing the needs of all affected individuals. This analysis explores the challenges faced in achieving gender-responsive and inclusive disaster management policies, supported by recent examples.

    2. Challenges in Gender-Responsive Disaster Management

    A. Gender-Specific Needs and Vulnerabilities

    1. Differentiated Impacts: Disasters often have differentiated impacts on men and women due to socio-economic and cultural factors. For instance, during the Kerala floods (2018), women faced higher risks of displacement and health issues due to their responsibilities for household care and limited access to relief services.

    2. Limited Representation: Women are often underrepresented in decision-making roles within disaster management frameworks. This lack of representation can lead to policies that do not fully address women’s specific needs and concerns. The Cyclone Amphan (2020) response highlighted the need for increased female participation in local disaster management committees to ensure that women’s perspectives are included.

    B. Access to Resources and Services

    1. Gender-Based Disparities: Access to resources and services during and after a disaster can be influenced by gender-based disparities. For example, women-headed households may face difficulties accessing relief materials and services due to logistical challenges or social norms. The Uttarakhand floods (2013) underscored these challenges, where women reported difficulties in receiving aid due to restricted access and gender norms.

    2. Safety and Security Concerns: Women and marginalized groups often face increased safety and security risks during disasters. During the Mumbai floods (2020), there were reports of increased vulnerability to violence and exploitation among women and children in relief camps, highlighting the need for specific measures to address safety concerns.

    C. Lack of Gender-Disaggregated Data

    1. Insufficient Data Collection: Gender-disaggregated data is often lacking, making it difficult to understand the specific needs and vulnerabilities of different gender groups. This gap in data was evident in the Assam floods (2022), where limited information on the impact on women and marginalized groups hindered the design of targeted interventions.

    2. Impact on Policy Design: Without gender-disaggregated data, disaster management policies may fail to address the unique needs of women and marginalized groups effectively. The lack of detailed data can lead to generic policies that do not fully cater to the diverse needs of all affected individuals.

    3. Challenges in Inclusive Disaster Management

    A. Marginalization of Vulnerable Groups

    1. Socio-Economic Barriers: Marginalized groups, including people with disabilities, elderly individuals, and lower-income communities, face significant barriers in disaster management. The Cyclone Fani (2019) response highlighted these issues, where people with disabilities faced challenges in evacuation and accessing relief services.

    2. Discrimination and Inequality: Discrimination and social inequality can exacerbate the marginalization of vulnerable groups. For instance, in the aftermath of the Kashmir floods (2014), certain ethnic and socio-economic groups reported unequal access to relief and rehabilitation efforts due to pre-existing social inequalities.

    B. Integration of Indigenous and Local Knowledge

    1. Cultural Sensitivities: Incorporating indigenous and local knowledge into disaster management policies can be challenging due to cultural sensitivities and resistance to outside interventions. The Gond and Baiga tribes in Madhya Pradesh have traditional knowledge for drought management, but integrating this knowledge into formal disaster management frameworks has been slow.

    2. Systemic Barriers: Systemic barriers, including bureaucratic inertia and lack of recognition for local practices, can hinder the effective integration of indigenous knowledge. Efforts to include traditional practices in the Rajasthan drought management strategies have faced challenges due to these systemic issues.

    C. Coordination and Implementation Challenges

    1. Fragmented Efforts: Disaster management often involves multiple stakeholders, leading to fragmented efforts and lack of coherence in addressing gender and inclusivity issues. The Gujarat earthquake (2001) recovery efforts faced challenges in ensuring coordinated actions across various organizations and agencies to address gender-specific and inclusive needs.

    2. Implementation Gaps: Even when gender-responsive and inclusive policies are formulated, gaps in implementation can arise due to lack of awareness, resources, or commitment. For example, the Delhi floods (2023) revealed gaps in the implementation of inclusive disaster management policies, affecting marginalized communities’ access to aid and support.

    4. Recommendations for Addressing Challenges

    A. Developing Gender-Responsive Policies

    1. Incorporating Gender Analysis: Integrating gender analysis into disaster management planning and policy formulation can help address specific needs and vulnerabilities. Conducting impact assessments that consider gender differences can inform more effective and equitable policies.

    2. Enhancing Female Representation: Increasing female representation in decision-making roles and disaster management committees can ensure that women’s perspectives and needs are included in policy design and implementation. Programs like the Women’s Disaster Risk Reduction Initiative can serve as models for enhancing female participation.

    B. Improving Data Collection and Analysis

    1. Collecting Gender-Disaggregated Data: Implementing robust systems for collecting and analyzing gender-disaggregated data can improve understanding of the impacts on different gender groups. This data can guide the design of targeted interventions and policies.

    2. Utilizing Technology: Leveraging technology, such as mobile apps and digital platforms, can enhance data collection and real-time monitoring of gender-specific impacts. Innovations like UN Women’s Gender Data Portal can provide valuable insights for disaster management.

    C. Strengthening Inclusivity and Accessibility

    1. Addressing Socio-Economic Barriers: Developing targeted programs to address socio-economic barriers faced by marginalized groups can improve accessibility to disaster management services. Programs should include provisions for people with disabilities, elderly individuals, and low-income communities.

    2. Recognizing Indigenous Knowledge: Acknowledging and integrating indigenous and local knowledge into disaster management frameworks can enhance the effectiveness of responses. Collaborative approaches involving local communities and authorities can facilitate this integration.

    D. Enhancing Coordination and Implementation

    1. Establishing Collaborative Platforms: Creating platforms for collaboration among government agencies, NGOs, private sector, and community organizations can improve coordination and coherence in addressing gender and inclusivity issues.

    2. Monitoring and Accountability: Implementing monitoring and accountability mechanisms to ensure the effective implementation of gender-responsive and inclusive policies is crucial. Regular assessments and feedback loops can help address implementation gaps and enhance policy effectiveness.

    5. Conclusion

    Ensuring gender-responsive and inclusive disaster management policies and practices in India is essential for addressing the diverse needs of affected populations. While challenges such as gender-specific vulnerabilities, marginalization of vulnerable groups, and coordination issues persist, targeted recommendations can help improve the effectiveness of disaster management efforts. By developing gender-responsive policies, improving data collection, strengthening inclusivity, and enhancing coordination, India can create more equitable and effective disaster management systems that serve all segments of society.

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Rajashree Shirke
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Rajashree ShirkeLearner
Asked: January 18, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define Heat Action Plans (HAPs): Policy documents designed to protect vulnerable populations from the impacts of heat waves. Briefly mention the launch of the first HAP in 2013 in Ahmedabad, which served as a template for others. Highlight ...

upsc: disaster management
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Heat Action Plans (HAPs) are designed by Indian authorities to protect vulnerable populations from the harmful effects of heat waves. Initiated in 2013 by Ahmedabad, these plans aim to provide targeted measures, including early warnings and resource mobilization, to safeguaRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Heat Action Plans (HAPs) are designed by Indian authorities to protect vulnerable populations from the harmful effects of heat waves. Initiated in 2013 by Ahmedabad, these plans aim to provide targeted measures, including early warnings and resource mobilization, to safeguard people during extreme heat events.

    Strengths of HAPs

    • Wide Implementation: The Indian government has extended HAPs to 23 states and over 130 cities, incorporating localized plans for heat wave-prone regions.
    • Public Awareness: Heat wave alerts are disseminated through various platforms, including mobile-based advisories and media campaigns, providing some level of public awareness.

    Key Issues Impacting Effectiveness

    1. Inadequate Vulnerability Identification: Many HAPs fail to identify vulnerable populations based on localized assessments. For instance, while Kerala recognized delivery agents and indoor workers as at risk, other regions did not address the needs of these groups (Centre for Policy Research).
    2. Lack of Reliable Risk Assessments: Vulnerability and risk assessments are often missing or insufficient, leading to inefficient distribution of resources and delayed responses to heat waves. There is a lack of tailored interventions for workers, such as farm laborers, who are significantly affected.
    3. Accessibility Challenges: While technological solutions like mobile-based heat advisories are introduced, there is little attention to accessibility issues. Mobile ownership and literacy rates, especially among women and vulnerable groups, are not adequately considered, reducing the reach of advisories.
    4. Short-Term Focus: The current focus is mostly on short-term measures, such as adjusting school and work timings. Long-term solutions, such as encouraging adaptive agricultural practices or infrastructure changes, are rarely addressed.
    5. Lack of Incentives: HAPs lack effective accountability and incentives for departments to act promptly. Though the plans outline responsibilities, there is insufficient pressure to ensure timely execution.

    Conclusion

    While HAPs are a critical initiative, their effectiveness is hindered by issues in vulnerability identification, accessibility, and long-term planning. A more holistic, participatory, and sustainable approach is required to ensure these plans are better equipped to combat increasing heat risks due to climate change.

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Aaradhya
  • 1
AaradhyaBegginer
Asked: July 10, 2024In: , , , ,
  • 1

How did Odisha deal with cyclones effectively, Explain their disaster management system and challenges it still faces in disaster management.

  1. Hitesh Vyas
    Hitesh Vyas Begginer

    Odisha, a state in eastern India, has been affected by numerous natural disasters, including cyclones, floods, and droughts. The state has developed a robust disaster management system to minimize the impact of these disasters on its population. Here's an overview of Odisha's disaster management sysRead more

    Odisha, a state in eastern India, has been affected by numerous natural disasters, including cyclones, floods, and droughts. The state has developed a robust disaster management system to minimize the impact of these disasters on its population. Here’s an overview of Odisha’s disaster management system and the challenges it still faces:

    Odisha’s Disaster Management System:

    1. Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA): The OSDMA is the apex body responsible for coordinating disaster management efforts in the state. It was established in 2001 and is headed by the Chief Secretary of Odisha.
    2. Early Warning System: Odisha has an advanced early warning system that uses satellite imaging, weather radar, and meteorological data to predict cyclones and other disasters. This system enables authorities to issue timely warnings to the public.
    3. Evacuation and Sheltering: The state has a network of evacuation centers and shelters that can accommodate thousands of people. The government also provides food, water, and medical aid to affected areas.
    4. Search and Rescue Operations: Odisha has a specialized search and rescue team, the Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force (ODRAF), which is trained to respond quickly to disasters.
    5. Infrastructure Development: The state government has invested in infrastructure development, including the construction of cyclone shelters, flood-resistant buildings, and storm surge barriers.
    6. Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR): Odisha has a strong focus on community-based DRR, which involves engaging local communities in disaster risk reduction activities such as flood control measures, early warning systems, and evacuation planning.

    Challenges in Disaster Management:

    1. Limited Resources: Despite its robust system, Odisha still faces challenges in terms of limited resources, including funding, equipment, and personnel.
    2. Lack of Preparedness: While the state has made significant progress in preparedness, there is still a need for better preparedness measures, such as drills and exercises to test response capabilities.
    3. Climate Change: Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and severity of disasters in Odisha. The state needs to adapt its disaster management strategy to address these changing patterns.
    4. Urbanization: Rapid urbanization in Odisha has led to increased exposure of urban populations to disasters. The state needs to develop more effective evacuation plans and emergency response systems for urban areas.
    5. Vulnerability of Coastal Communities: Coastal communities in Odisha are highly vulnerable to cyclones and sea-level rise. The state needs to prioritize coastal protection measures, such as seawalls and beach nourishment, to protect these communities.
    6. Capacity Building: While ODRAF is a well-trained team, there is a need for continued capacity building for all stakeholders involved in disaster management, including volunteers, first responders, and community members.
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Dhruv Choudhary
  • 1
Dhruv ChoudharyBegginer
Asked: July 27, 2024In:
  • 1

Analyze how community-based methods of disaster management have helped India’s vulnerable communities become more resilient.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Pranay Nair
    Pranay Nair Begginer

    Evaluating the Role of Community-Based Disaster Management Approaches in Building the Resilience of Vulnerable Populations in India 1. Introduction Community-based disaster management (CBDM) approaches emphasize the involvement of local communities in planning, implementing, and managing disaster riRead more

    Evaluating the Role of Community-Based Disaster Management Approaches in Building the Resilience of Vulnerable Populations in India

    1. Introduction

    Community-based disaster management (CBDM) approaches emphasize the involvement of local communities in planning, implementing, and managing disaster risk reduction and response efforts. These approaches are crucial for building resilience among vulnerable populations by leveraging local knowledge, resources, and capacities. This evaluation explores the role of CBDM in enhancing resilience in India, using recent examples to illustrate its effectiveness.

    2. Importance of Community-Based Disaster Management

    A. Enhancing Local Capacity and Ownership

    1. Local Knowledge and Expertise: CBDM approaches harness local knowledge and expertise, which are essential for understanding the specific vulnerabilities and needs of communities. For instance, the Coastal Odisha Cyclone Preparedness Programme involves local fishermen and coastal residents in disaster preparedness and response planning, utilizing their knowledge of local conditions and risks.

    2. Empowerment and Ownership: Engaging communities in disaster management fosters a sense of ownership and empowerment. The Kutch District in Gujarat has implemented community-based initiatives where local communities participate in risk assessment, planning, and response activities, leading to increased community engagement and effectiveness in disaster management.

    B. Building Resilience and Reducing Vulnerabilities

    1. Customized Risk Reduction Measures: CBDM allows for the development of customized risk reduction measures tailored to local needs. The Maharashtra State Disaster Management Authority (MSDMA) collaborates with local communities to develop context-specific flood management strategies, such as constructing check dams and improving drainage systems in flood-prone areas.

    2. Strengthening Social Networks: CBDM approaches strengthen social networks and support systems, which are critical for effective disaster response and recovery. The Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) initiatives in Assam have focused on building local networks and training community members in emergency response, which has improved collective resilience.

    3. Recent Examples of Community-Based Disaster Management

    A. The Uttarakhand Floods (2013)

    1. Context and Response: The devastating floods in Uttarakhand in 2013 highlighted the need for community-based approaches in disaster management. Local communities played a crucial role in rescue operations and relief efforts, utilizing their knowledge of the terrain and local conditions.

    2. Implementation of CBDM: Post-flood, various CBDM initiatives were implemented, including the formation of Local Disaster Management Committees (LDMCs) and community-based early warning systems. These initiatives aimed to enhance local preparedness and response capacities, leading to more resilient communities in subsequent disaster events.

    B. The Kerala Floods (2018)

    1. Context and Response: The Kerala floods of 2018 were one of the worst floods in recent decades. Community-based efforts played a significant role in managing the crisis. Local volunteers and community groups were instrumental in rescue and relief operations, and their involvement helped in the rapid distribution of aid and resources.

    2. Implementation of CBDM: Following the floods, Kerala has focused on strengthening community-based disaster management through initiatives such as the Kerala State Disaster Management Authority (KSDMA), which involves local communities in flood preparedness and response planning. These efforts have included training community volunteers and setting up local disaster response teams.

    C. The Cyclone Fani (2019)

    1. Context and Response: Cyclone Fani, which struck Odisha in 2019, tested the effectiveness of community-based disaster management strategies. The state’s emphasis on involving local communities in disaster preparedness and response proved effective in mitigating the cyclone’s impact.

    2. Implementation of CBDM: The Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) engaged local communities through awareness programs, evacuation drills, and the establishment of community shelters. This approach significantly improved the state’s preparedness and response, reducing casualties and damage.

    4. Recommendations for Enhancing Community-Based Disaster Management

    A. Strengthening Training and Capacity Building

    1. Comprehensive Training Programs: Developing comprehensive training programs for community members on disaster preparedness, response, and recovery can enhance their ability to manage disasters effectively. Training should include first aid, rescue operations, and risk assessment.

    2. Building Local Disaster Management Committees: Establishing and empowering Local Disaster Management Committees (LDMCs) can enhance community coordination and response capabilities. These committees should be supported with resources and training to perform their roles effectively.

    B. Enhancing Integration with Government and Non-Governmental Organizations

    1. Collaboration with Government Agencies: Strengthening collaboration between community-based organizations and government agencies can improve the coordination and effectiveness of disaster management efforts. Government agencies should support community initiatives through funding, technical assistance, and policy support.

    2. Engaging Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): NGOs play a crucial role in supporting community-based disaster management. Collaborating with NGOs for training, resource mobilization, and technical support can enhance the effectiveness of community-based approaches.

    C. Leveraging Technology and Innovation

    1. Utilizing Early Warning Systems: Implementing community-based early warning systems using technology, such as mobile alerts and automated weather stations, can improve disaster preparedness. Integrating these systems with local knowledge can enhance their effectiveness.

    2. Promoting Innovative Solutions: Encouraging the development and adoption of innovative solutions, such as community-driven risk maps and digital platforms for information sharing, can enhance disaster management efforts.

    5. Conclusion

    Community-based disaster management approaches are vital for building the resilience of vulnerable populations in India. By leveraging local knowledge, fostering community ownership, and strengthening social networks, these approaches contribute to effective disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. Recent examples such as the Uttarakhand floods, Kerala floods, and Cyclone Fani illustrate the positive impact of community-based initiatives. Enhancing training, improving collaboration with government and NGOs, and leveraging technology can further strengthen community-based disaster management and contribute to more resilient communities across India.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 23, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Context: Briefly introduce the issue of increasing urban floods due to high-intensity rainfall. Thesis Statement: Highlight the need to discuss the causes of urban floods and the mechanisms for preparedness to mitigate risks. 2. Reasons for Urban Floods A. ...

upsc: disaster management
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The frequency of urban floods due to high-intensity rainfall is increasing, with significant implications for urban areas in India. As the urban population is projected to reach 40.76% by 2030, the challenges posed by inadequate urban planning and climate change are becominRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The frequency of urban floods due to high-intensity rainfall is increasing, with significant implications for urban areas in India. As the urban population is projected to reach 40.76% by 2030, the challenges posed by inadequate urban planning and climate change are becoming more pronounced, as seen in cities like Hyderabad (2020), Chennai (2015), and Bengaluru.

    Causes of Urban Floods

    1. Rapid Urbanization: Unplanned urban growth and inadequate drainage infrastructure lead to increased surface runoff, which overwhelms urban areas, particularly in cities like Mumbai.
    2. Climate Change: Altered rainfall patterns and extreme weather events associated with climate change heighten the risk of urban flooding, as evidenced in regions like Maharashtra.
    3. Deforestation: The loss of natural vegetation and the increase in impervious surfaces hinder water infiltration, resulting in rapid runoff. According to the ICED 2022 report, India has seen an increase in annual runoff by approximately 1.3 billion cubic meters due to reduced infiltration.
    4. Poor Drainage Systems: Insufficient maintenance and blockages in drainage networks impede water flow, exacerbating flood risks [1].
    5. Encroachment of Water Bodies: Construction on water bodies diminishes their storage capacity, causing excess water to flood urban areas during heavy rainfall.

    Mechanisms for Preparedness

    1. Urban Planning and Zoning: Implementing effective urban planning strategies, including land-use zoning and flood-sensitive construction practices, can reduce flood vulnerability.
    2. Improved Drainage Infrastructure: Investing in robust drainage systems, such as stormwater management and retention ponds, enhances water drainage capacity.
    3. Early Warning Systems: Establishing efficient warning systems that provide real-time rainfall data and flood forecasts enables proactive responses.
    4. Flood Mapping and Risk Assessment: Conducting comprehensive flood mapping helps identify high-risk areas and facilitates targeted mitigation measures.
    5. Public Awareness and Community Engagement: Educating communities about flood risks and evacuation routes strengthens resilience.
    6. Emergency Response Planning: Developing effective emergency response plans ensures a swift and organized response during flood events.

    Conclusion

    By implementing robust preparedness mechanisms, the risks associated with urban floods can be significantly reduced. Focused efforts on urban planning, improved drainage infrastructure, early warning systems, community engagement, and emergency response planning are essential for minimizing the impact of urban floods and protecting vulnerable populations.

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Mihir
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MihirBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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question
  1. Vivek Gupta
    Vivek Gupta Begginer

    First we need to understand the terms disaster here which simply means- "any hazardous or catastrophic event which has consequential impact on the lives of the people and living beings. Disaster could be natural or human induced disasters, for eg: Tsunami, earthquake, fires, chemical disaster etc NoRead more

    First we need to understand the terms disaster here which simply means- “any hazardous or catastrophic event which has consequential impact on the lives of the people and living beings. Disaster could be natural or human induced disasters, for eg: Tsunami, earthquake, fires, chemical disaster etc

    Now we need to understand the key components of disaster management plan.

    So, it could be betterly understand from the cyclic concept of disaster management where it emphasis on the two broader aspects of it- Pre-disaster management and post-disaster management plans.

    Pre-disaster management includes the two major key components- preparedness and mitigation measures.

    1. Assessment– it includes the proper assessment of that region in terms of risk factors and vulnerability it possesses from the future disasters based on that data priority should be placed.

    2. Planning or preparedness– it’s a wider scope to understand as it involves all the major activities which helps the local people to prepare themselves for the disaster. So it involves policy making, resources placement according to vulnerability of the region, infrastructure and capacity building.

    Post-disaster management involves three significant features- response, recovery and rehabilitation.

    It’s an event which starts just after the disaster hits the region so this phase is so crucial from the point of view of the casuality and damages to the ecosystem.

    1. Response– it involves the catering the emergency needs of the people affected from the disaster which incorporates- providing medical supplies, temporary homes, clothes and shelter, logistics support, clean food and water supply etc.

    2. Recovery or rehabilitation– it is also crucial phase as it involves the rebuilding of the lives of people affected from the disaster who lost everything in that disaster. Infrastructure rebuilding– roads, hospital, education centre etc, debris cleaning which has been accumulated from the disaster, economy rebuilding– providing them jobs and means of earning source considering long term impacts, and planning to learn from the disaster to prevent or reduce the vulnerability of the region in future.

    This both phase constitutes significance in itself from the point of view of the disaster hitting a region from reducing its vulnerability to rebuilding the infrastructure incorporates lots of planning, execution and cooperation.

    The basic difference between the natural and human induced disaster is that we can’t predict the disastrous events in the natural disaster but in the human one can predict the event due to the human errors made during the operation part. So the planning becomes quite easy while preparing for the human induced disaster as it would be more accurate in terms of its predictability.

    In terms of its responsiveness, the difference are not that much because it totally depends on the how intense and large area it had impacted, so on that basis both can be wide spread and narrowly impact on the area.

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