“भारतीय शासन में न्यायिक सक्रियता एक नवीन धारणा है।” विवेचना कीजिये तथा न्यायिक सक्रियता के पक्ष और विपक्ष में दिये गए मुख्य तर्कों को स्पष्ट कीजिये। [64वीं बीपीएससी मुख्य परीक्षा 2018]
India’s political landscape has seen a rise in the number of political parties, particularly at the regional level. While a multi-party system is part of India's democratic fabric, the sheer number of political parties, especially in states like Bihar, can pose challenges to effective governance. ThRead more
India’s political landscape has seen a rise in the number of political parties, particularly at the regional level. While a multi-party system is part of India’s democratic fabric, the sheer number of political parties, especially in states like Bihar, can pose challenges to effective governance. This situation often leads to fragmentation, instability, and policy paralysis, which can affect the state’s development and governance.
1. Political Fragmentation and Instability
One of the primary issues with having too many political parties in Bihar is the fragmentation of votes and the resulting instability. Bihar, with its complex social fabric and diverse electorate, has seen a rise in regional parties that cater to specific caste or community interests. For example:
- Rise of Caste-Based Parties: Political parties like the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD), Janata Dal (United), and Lok Janshakti Party (LJP) have often been organized around specific caste groups. While this helps in political mobilization, it often leads to fragmented mandates and coalition governments, which struggle to maintain long-term stability.
- Coalition Politics: The need for forming alliances between multiple smaller parties creates weak governments. In Bihar, alliances like the Mahagathbandhan (Grand Alliance) and NDA (National Democratic Alliance) often face challenges in staying united. The 2020 Bihar Assembly elections saw an alliance between the RJD, Congress, and smaller parties, but internal disagreements within these coalitions affected their performance and governance.
2. Policy Paralysis and Lack of Consensus
Too many political parties in Bihar can lead to policy paralysis, as achieving a consensus among multiple parties with differing agendas becomes difficult. When smaller parties hold disproportionate influence in a coalition, they often demand policies that benefit their narrow interests, rather than the broader public. This can delay or derail important policy decisions.
- Example: The frequent changes in alliances in Bihar, especially the shifting ties between Nitish Kumar’s JD(U) and the BJP, illustrate how coalition governments struggle to implement consistent policies. In 2017, Nitish Kumar shifted sides from the Mahagathbandhan to the NDA, leading to policy confusion and instability.
3. Weakened Opposition and Lack of Strong Governance
While having a multi-party system ensures diversity of thought, it also weakens the opposition’s role in holding the government accountable. In Bihar, fragmented opposition parties often fail to provide a unified challenge to the ruling coalition. This weakens the ability of the electorate to hold the government accountable for its actions.
- Example: In recent elections, Bihar has seen a split in opposition votes, with multiple parties like the Congress, CPI, and RJD running separately. This division often results in the ruling parties (such as the JD(U) and BJP) being able to maintain power despite dissatisfaction among the people.
4. Challenges in Governance
The presence of too many regional and smaller parties leads to political gridlock in the legislature. For instance, Bihar Legislative Assembly often sees multiple parties demanding their share of resources and political positions, which can slow down decision-making processes. With too many players in the field, governance becomes a matter of negotiating power and influence, rather than focusing on effective policy implementation.
5. Benefits of Regional Parties and the Need for Balance
While having too many parties can cause issues, it is important to note that regional parties are vital in representing local interests. In a state like Bihar, where issues are often caste-based or region-specific, regional parties have played a key role in addressing the concerns of marginalized communities.
- Example: Parties like the RJD, led by Lalu Prasad Yadav, have been instrumental in raising issues of social justice, particularly for backward classes in Bihar.
- Need for Balance: The key to a stable and prosperous Bihar lies in balancing the role of regional parties while ensuring strong governance. A shift toward party coalitions based on shared policy goals and greater ideological coherence, rather than sheer caste or community-based appeal, might help address some of the challenges.
6. Conclusion:
While India’s democratic framework allows the formation of multiple political parties, Bihar’s experience suggests that a too-fragmented political system hampers effective governance. A balance between regional representation and strong, stable coalitions is crucial for ensuring that governance remains responsive, transparent, and effective. Bihar’s politics would benefit from fewer but more cohesive political parties that focus on development issues rather than narrow sectional interests.
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भारतीय शासन में न्यायिक सक्रियता: भारतीय संविधान में न्यायपालिका को स्वतंत्र रूप से कार्य करने का अधिकार दिया गया है, ताकि यह सुनिश्चित किया जा सके कि शासन के सभी अंग संविधान और कानून के अनुसार कार्य करें। न्यायिक सक्रियता (Judicial Activism) एक ऐसी अवधारणा है जिसमें न्यायपालिका, केवल मुकदमों के निपRead more
भारतीय शासन में न्यायिक सक्रियता:
भारतीय संविधान में न्यायपालिका को स्वतंत्र रूप से कार्य करने का अधिकार दिया गया है, ताकि यह सुनिश्चित किया जा सके कि शासन के सभी अंग संविधान और कानून के अनुसार कार्य करें। न्यायिक सक्रियता (Judicial Activism) एक ऐसी अवधारणा है जिसमें न्यायपालिका, केवल मुकदमों के निपटारे तक सीमित नहीं रहती, बल्कि वह विधायिका और कार्यपालिका के कार्यों की समीक्षा भी करती है। यह एक ऐसा दृष्टिकोण है जिसमें न्यायिक संस्थाएँ समाज में व्याप्त असमानताओं और अन्याय को दूर करने के लिए सक्रिय रूप से कदम उठाती हैं।
न्यायिक सक्रियता की उत्पत्ति
भारत में न्यायिक सक्रियता का आरंभ 1970 के दशक के अंत में हुआ, विशेष रूप से जब सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने जनहित याचिकाओं (Public Interest Litigation – PIL) को स्वीकार करना शुरू किया। इसने आम नागरिकों को यह अधिकार दिया कि वे न्यायपालिका से उन मुद्दों पर न्याय की अपील कर सकते हैं जो समाज में व्यापक प्रभाव डालते हैं, जैसे कि पर्यावरण संरक्षण, भ्रष्टाचार, महिला अधिकार आदि।
उदाहरण:
न्यायिक सक्रियता के पक्ष में तर्क
न्यायिक सक्रियता के विपक्ष में तर्क
निष्कर्ष
न्यायिक सक्रियता भारतीय संविधान के तहत न्यायपालिका के अधिकारों और कर्तव्यों को पूरा करने का एक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा है। हालांकि, न्यायपालिका की भूमिका को अत्यधिक सक्रिय और जनहित में रखना सकारात्मक हो सकता है, परंतु इसे सीमित करने की आवश्यकता भी है ताकि यह अन्य सरकारी अंगों के अधिकारों का उल्लंघन न करे। यह जरूरी है कि न्यायपालिका अपनी भूमिका को संवैधानिक सीमाओं में रहते हुए निष्पक्ष और स्वतंत्र रूप से निभाए।
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