BPSC Mains PYQs

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report 2019, titled “Beyond Income, Beyond Averages, Beyond Today: Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century,” focuses on addressing inequalities in human development. It emphasizes how disparities in opportunities, rather than just outcomes, are reshaping societies and hindering progress.

Key Highlights of the Report

1. Beyond Income:
   • Traditional income-based metrics, like GDP, are insufficient to capture the complexities of inequality.
   • The report introduces a broader understanding of disparities, such as access to quality education, healthcare, and technological advancement.
2. Beyond Averages:
   • Averages often mask inequalities within populations.
   • For instance, while global life expectancy has improved, differences in access to healthcare lead to significant disparities across regions and demographics.
3. Beyond Today:
   • The report highlights new-generation inequalities that go beyond basic survival, such as access to technology, higher education, and climate resilience.
   • It emphasizes intergenerational inequality and its implications for future development.

How the Analysis Goes Beyond Income, Averages, and Present Conditions

1. Multidimensional Approach:

• The report introduces measures like the Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) and the Gender Inequality Index (GII) to assess disparities beyond income.
• These indices consider factors such as education, health, and gender-based barriers.

2. Focus on Capabilities:

• Inspired by Amartya Sen’s capability approach, the report examines how inequalities restrict individuals’ ability to lead fulfilling lives.
• For example, two individuals with similar incomes may have vastly different opportunities based on their access to education or healthcare.

3. Intergenerational Inequalities:

• The report addresses how inequalities today impact future generations, particularly in the context of:
  • Climate change: Vulnerable populations are disproportionately affected.
  • Technology gaps: Limited access to digital tools creates long-term divides in skills and opportunities.

4. Spotlight on Gender:

• A significant part of the analysis focuses on gender inequalities, highlighting gaps in political representation, economic participation, and violence against women.

Critical Examination of the Report

Strengths:

1. Holistic Perspective:
   • The report goes beyond economic growth to assess human well-being comprehensively, reflecting real-life disparities more accurately.
2. Timeliness:
   • By addressing emerging inequalities like digital access and climate impact, the report is forward-looking.
3. Policy Relevance:
   • Its recommendations on reducing inequalities, such as progressive taxation and investments in education, offer actionable insights for governments.

Limitations:

1. Implementation Challenges:
   • While the report provides valuable data and insights, addressing deep-rooted inequalities requires significant political will and global coordination.
2. Over-reliance on Global Indicators:
   • The report’s use of universal metrics may not fully capture localized disparities or cultural nuances.
3. Limited Focus on Accountability:
   • While it identifies issues, the report does not emphasize mechanisms to hold governments and institutions accountable for addressing inequalities.

Illustrative Examples

1. Technology Gap:
   • In Sub-Saharan Africa, fewer than 25% of people have internet access, creating educational and economic disadvantages compared to developed countries.
2. Gender Inequality:
   • In India, despite economic growth, the Gender Inequality Index highlights persistent disparities in female labor force participation and political representation.
3. Climate Resilience:
   • Island nations like the Maldives face existential threats due to rising sea levels, exacerbating inequalities linked to geography.

Conclusion

The UNDP Human Development Report 2019 is a comprehensive analysis that sheds light on the complex and interconnected nature of inequalities. While it provides a robust framework for understanding and addressing disparities, its success depends on the commitment of global and local policymakers to translate its insights into concrete action​.

The Chabahar Port, located in southeastern Iran, serves as a strategic gateway for India to enhance its trade connectivity with Afghanistan and beyond. With its New Export Route operational, the port bypasses Pakistan and strengthens India’s trade and economic ties with Afghanistan and Central Asia. Here’s a discussion on the prospects of trade promotion:

Importance of Chabahar Port for India-Afghanistan Trade

1. Enhanced Connectivity:

• The Chabahar Port provides direct maritime connectivity between India and Iran, which is followed by overland routes to Afghanistan. This reduces dependence on Pakistan, which has long restricted India-Afghanistan trade via its territory.

2. Cost-Effective and Time-Saving:

• The route significantly shortens the transit time for goods between India and Afghanistan. For instance, the shipment of goods like wheat and medicines through Chabahar ensures quicker delivery compared to traditional routes.

3. Access to Central Asia:

• Chabahar acts as a gateway for India’s broader ambitions in Central Asia, allowing Indian goods to reach landlocked markets such as Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan via Afghanistan.

Prospects for Trade Promotion

1. Export of Indian Goods to Afghanistan:

• India’s primary exports to Afghanistan include wheat, medicines, and consumer goods.
• With Chabahar, Indian goods can be exported seamlessly, promoting agricultural and industrial trade.

2. Afghanistan’s Exports to India:

• Afghanistan exports dried fruits, nuts, carpets, and other agricultural products. The new route makes it easier for Afghan exporters to reach Indian markets, fostering economic development in Afghanistan.

3. Development of Afghan Economy:

• Better connectivity boosts Afghanistan’s trade capacity, reduces costs, and enhances employment opportunities, contributing to its economic stability.

4. Strategic Leverage for India:

• By developing Chabahar and engaging with Afghanistan economically, India strengthens its strategic presence in the region, countering Pakistan’s and China’s influence, particularly in the context of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).

Benefits of the New Route

1. Bilateral Growth:
   • Enhanced trade creates mutual economic benefits, with Afghanistan receiving Indian investments in infrastructure, agriculture, and healthcare.
2. Regional Stability:
   • Trade ties foster interdependence, reducing conflict and encouraging regional collaboration.
3. Boost for Indian Industries:
   • Indian producers, especially in agriculture and pharmaceuticals, gain a stable export market in Afghanistan.

Challenges and Limitations

1. Security Concerns:
   • Afghanistan’s unstable security environment poses risks to the trade corridor.
2. Geopolitical Pressures:
   • The Chabahar route faces challenges from sanctions on Iran, which could impact its operational efficiency and India’s investments.
3. Infrastructure Development:
   • Further infrastructure investments are needed in Afghanistan to fully utilize the trade potential through Chabahar.

Illustrative Examples

1. Wheat Shipment:
   • In 2017, India sent 1.1 million tons of wheat to Afghanistan via Chabahar, demonstrating the port’s potential in facilitating large-scale trade.
2. Zaranj-Delaram Highway:
   • Built by India, this highway connects Chabahar to Afghanistan’s road network, enhancing the overall viability of the route.

Conclusion

The Chabahar Port and the New Export Route hold immense potential to transform India-Afghanistan trade relations by creating a direct, cost-effective link. While there are challenges, strategic investments and political will can ensure the success of this initiative. This partnership not only strengthens bilateral economic ties but also contributes to regional stability and prosperity​.

The United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) emphasizes a multidimensional approach to well-being, focusing on various social, economic, and environmental factors. The network’s framework for well-being highlights several key variables that contribute to a person’s and society’s overall health, prosperity, and sustainable development.

Key Variables Supporting Well-being

1. Good Health and Well-being (SDG 3)

• Universal Health Coverage (UHC):
  • Access to affordable healthcare is a critical pillar for well-being. The UN stresses the importance of ensuring that everyone, regardless of income or location, has access to essential health services.
  • For example, countries with comprehensive healthcare systems, such as Norway and Canada, show better health outcomes for their citizens.
• Mental Health:
  • Mental health is as important as physical health. The increasing recognition of mental health issues has led to global initiatives to reduce the stigma and provide adequate services.

Example: The World Health Organization (WHO) advocates for mental health services integrated into primary health systems, acknowledging that the mental well-being of individuals is crucial to overall happiness.

2. Education

• Access to Quality Education (SDG 4):
  • Education is directly linked to well-being as it empowers individuals to make informed choices, improving life satisfaction and economic mobility.
  • For instance, Finland’s education system is often cited for its focus on both academic knowledge and emotional well-being, which results in better life outcomes for students.
• Lifelong Learning:
  • Ensuring opportunities for lifelong learning and skills development promotes economic stability and personal growth, which are important components of well-being.

3. Economic Stability

• Income Equality and Poverty Reduction (SDG 1):
  • Economic stability, with reduced income inequality, plays a significant role in enhancing well-being. The SDSN emphasizes the importance of achieving decent work and fair wages, which contribute to reducing poverty and increasing social mobility.
• Employment Opportunities:
  • Access to secure employment allows individuals to achieve financial independence and improve quality of life.

Example: Countries like Denmark and Sweden focus on reducing inequality through progressive tax systems, strong social safety nets, and universal access to healthcare and education.

4. Environmental Sustainability

• Climate Action (SDG 13):
  • A healthy environment is fundamental for sustaining human well-being. The UN promotes reducing environmental degradation, improving air quality, and addressing climate change to protect human health.
• Access to Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG 6):
  • Clean water, sanitation, and pollution control are essential to preventing diseases and enhancing quality of life.

Example: Iceland, with its focus on clean energy and environmental protection, leads by example in creating a sustainable environment that supports public health and well-being.

5. Social Inclusion and Equality

• Gender Equality (SDG 5):
  • Ensuring gender equality by addressing discrimination and empowering women contributes significantly to well-being. Equal access to resources and opportunities is crucial for building a fair and prosperous society.
• Social Protection:
  • Access to social protection systems (such as pensions, unemployment benefits, and disability support) promotes well-being by reducing vulnerabilities and enhancing economic security.

Example: In countries with strong social protection systems, like Germany, citizens experience a higher sense of security and well-being.

Analysis Beyond Income, Averages, and Present Conditions

The SDSN’s approach to well-being goes beyond income and material wealth, acknowledging the complexity of human flourishing:

1. Holistic Well-being:
   • Beyond GDP: The SDSN emphasizes that well-being is more than just economic output, as it includes factors such as health, education, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability. For instance, Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness (GNH) Index evaluates well-being through happiness rather than just financial success.
2. Intergenerational Perspective:
   • The SDSN stresses the importance of considering the long-term impact of present actions on future generations. For example, the effects of climate change and environmental degradation today will affect future generations’ health and opportunities.
3. Cultural and Social Factors:
   • Well-being is also shaped by social networks, cultural values, and community involvement. Countries with strong social cohesion, such as Japan, demonstrate that a sense of belonging and social participation contribute significantly to overall life satisfaction.

Conclusion

The UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) highlights a broad and multidimensional approach to well-being, focusing on health, education, economic stability, environmental sustainability, and social inclusion. By integrating these diverse variables, the SDSN provides a more comprehensive understanding of well-being, moving beyond simple economic indicators like income or GDP.

India maintains an open-door policy for the free movement of people between itself, Nepal, and Bhutan. This policy is rooted in historical, political, cultural, and economic ties that foster deep integration and cooperation among the nations. The open-border arrangement allows citizens of these countries to travel freely without passports or visas. Here’s a breakdown of why this policy exists and its significance.

Historical and Cultural Ties

1. Historical Relationship

• India, Nepal, and Bhutan share historical, cultural, and geographical ties that go back centuries. The people of these countries share similar traditions, languages, and cultural practices, which has created a unique bond. For example, the shared reverence for Hinduism and Buddhism, which plays a significant role in the culture of all three countries, strengthens their ties.
• The free movement agreement was formally established in the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty and has continued to foster a deep sense of unity and cooperation between India, Nepal, and Bhutan.

2. Geographical Proximity

• The three countries are located in close proximity, with Nepal and Bhutan sharing borders with India. The movement of people across borders, whether for work, education, or family, is facilitated by their geographical closeness, making it more practical to maintain an open-door policy.

Political and Economic Factors

1. Strengthening Regional Cooperation

• India’s Neighborhood First Policy aims to build stronger relationships with its neighboring countries. The open-door policy with Nepal and Bhutan is an essential part of this strategy. It helps in strengthening diplomatic ties, regional security, and economic integration within the South Asian region.
• By encouraging easy movement, India fosters greater cooperation on regional issues, including trade, security, and cultural exchange. Nepal and Bhutan benefit from Indian resources and expertise, and India benefits from greater regional stability and economic integration.

2. Economic Integration

• Many citizens of Nepal and Bhutan work in India, contributing significantly to both economies. Indian industries benefit from Nepali labor, particularly in sectors like agriculture, construction, and hospitality, while Bhutanese workers contribute to hydroelectric power plants and other projects.
• On the flip side, Nepal and Bhutan enjoy the benefits of Indian market access for their agricultural and industrial products. By allowing free movement, these countries can participate more effectively in the regional economy.

Example: Many Nepali citizens live and work in cities like Delhi and Mumbai, where they contribute to both the labor market and cultural diversity.

Security and Strategic Considerations

1. Maintaining Regional Stability

• The open-door policy promotes regional security and stability. The close relationship between the three nations ensures mutual trust and cooperation, making it easier to address common security challenges, including issues related to border control, counter-terrorism, and natural disasters.
• India’s open-door policy allows Nepal and Bhutan to engage in security arrangements that support India’s broader strategic interests in the region, particularly in countering Chinese influence in neighboring Tibet.

2. Free Movement of People as a Strength

• The free movement agreement enhances people-to-people contact, fostering shared security interests and building closer relationships between the countries. A major strength of the open-door policy is that it enables collaborative action on challenges such as cross-border terrorism and climate change.

Socio-cultural and Educational Exchange

1. Cultural Integration

• The open-border policy allows for seamless cultural exchange between India, Nepal, and Bhutan. People from these countries can visit each other, engage in festivals, events, and cultural practices, strengthening the bonds of friendship and mutual respect.
• The shared cultural heritage of these countries is a powerful tool for strengthening ties. India, with its rich cultural diversity, has a significant influence on Bhutanese and Nepali culture, and vice versa.

2. Educational and Employment Opportunities

• Students from Nepal and Bhutan often travel to India to pursue education, particularly in higher education and professional courses, benefiting from India’s affordable educational infrastructure. Likewise, Indian students also benefit from academic exchanges in Nepal and Bhutan.
• The free movement also provides employment opportunities for people in rural areas, where migration to nearby Indian cities is common for livelihood.

Conclusion

India’s open-door policy with Nepal and Bhutan fosters cultural, political, and economic cooperation, allowing for the free movement of people across borders. This policy strengthens regional ties, promotes economic integration, and enhances security cooperation. While there are challenges in managing open borders, the benefits of close collaboration among these countries far outweigh them, contributing to a peaceful and prosperous region.

India’s invitation as a Guest of Honour to the 46th session of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Foreign Ministers’ Meet in 2019 marked a significant shift in geopolitical dynamics, particularly in terms of India’s relations with the Islamic world. This invitation was a pivotal moment in India’s diplomatic history, signaling growing recognition of its geopolitical importance and the evolving nature of its ties with the Gulf nations, especially the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

Key Points of the Invitation

• Historical Significance: The OIC, established in 1969, had historically excluded India due to pressure from Pakistan, especially on the Kashmir issue. India had been snubbed at an OIC summit in 1969, when Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, an Indian minister, was disinvited at Pakistan’s insistence​​.
• A Shift in UAE’s Stance: The UAE’s invitation in 2019 marked the first time India was invited to the OIC Foreign Ministers’ Meet, underscoring the UAE’s growing strategic relationship with India​. This move was seen as a correction of a “historic wrong” and was significant for enhancing India’s diplomatic stature in the Islamic world.

Geopolitical Dynamics and India’s Growing Influence

• India’s Increasing Clout: The invitation reflects India’s rising global influence, its robust economy, and its role as a strategic partner in the region. The UAE recognized India’s importance not only for its political and economic strength but also for its substantial Muslim population, which contributes to the pluralistic and diverse fabric of the country​.
• Strategic Relations with the Gulf: Over the past few years, India has cultivated strong economic, security, and cultural ties with the UAE and other Gulf countries. This has included significant cooperation in areas like trade, defense, and energy. The OIC invitation is a recognition of India’s central role in regional stability and development​.

Implications for India’s Foreign Policy

• Strengthening Bilateral Ties: The invitation was a diplomatic victory for India, which sought to deepen its ties with Gulf nations, moving beyond the historical baggage of Kashmir. It marked a shift towards focusing on areas of mutual interest, such as counterterrorism cooperation, economic growth, and energy security​.
• Broader Diplomatic Influence: This engagement opened new opportunities for India to present its views on regional and global issues at the OIC platform. It also allowed India to underline its policy of peaceful coexistence, its commitment to regional stability, and the importance of multilateral dialogue.

Conclusion

India’s inclusion in the OIC Foreign Ministers’ Meet as a Guest of Honour represents a new phase in its diplomatic efforts to strengthen relations with the Islamic world, particularly the Gulf states. It highlights a significant shift in regional geopolitics where strategic interests are increasingly outweighing historical conflicts. The UAE’s gesture marks the beginning of a new diplomatic era for India in the Middle East and the broader Islamic world, showcasing its growing global stature and commitment to multilateralism.