Literature

Model Answer

1. Introduction

Sangam literature, composed between 300 BCE and 300 CE, offers profound insights into the political, social, and economic life of the Tamil region. It was transmitted orally and later codified, capturing the essence of the period through the works of various poets. This literature is invaluable for reconstructing the past and understanding the Tamil society’s connection to wider India.

2. Sangam Polity

Rule of Multiple Dynasties: Sangam texts like Patitrupathu chronicle the reigns of prominent Tamil dynasties—Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas. These texts provide a detailed political landscape, including wars, alliances, and territorial expansion.

Administrative Systems: Puranānūru and Pattinappalai offer rich descriptions of governance structures, highlighting the roles of kings, ministers, and officials. For instance, Puranānūru explains the duties of the king and administrators, while Pattinappalai mentions the custom officials at the Puhar seaport, showing how trade and taxation were managed.

3. Sangam Society

Religion and Culture: The dominant deity in Sangam literature is Murugan, the Tamil god, alongside others like Vishnu and Indra. Works like Silappadikaram depict a society influenced by diverse religious beliefs and cultural practices such as dance and music.

Social Hierarchy: According to Tolkappiyam, society was divided into four main classes: Arasar (rulers), Anthanar (priests), Vanigar (traders), and Vellar (agriculturists). This division reflects the structured nature of Sangam society.

Position of Women: Women were pivotal in Sangam society, contributing to literature. However, practices like Sati and societal norms regarding chastity also existed, as seen in the treatment of widows.

4. Sangam Economy

Agriculture and Crafts: The economy was primarily agrarian, with rice cultivation as the backbone. Tolkappiyam mentions the five-fold division of land. Crafts like weaving, metalwork, and carpentry were vital, as indicated in the vivid descriptions of Sangam poems.

Trade and Commerce: Trade flourished, with ports like Puhar and Musiri facilitating both internal and foreign trade. Yavanas (foreigners) traded gold and pepper, reflecting a well-organized commercial system.

5. Wider Impact of Sangam Literature

Religious and Geographical Knowledge: Sangam literature not only highlights Tamil religion but also references Northern epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata. Geographical knowledge of India, including mentions of the Himalayas and the Ganges, can be found in these texts, illustrating the interconnectedness of regions during the period.

6. Conclusion

Sangam literature provides invaluable political, social, and economic insights into the Tamil region while offering glimpses of broader Indian contexts. Its enduring legacy enriches our understanding of ancient India, revealing the vibrant civilization of the Tamil people.