Frequency

• No change: The frequency of light remains constant when it moves from one material to another. This is because frequency is determined by the source of light.

Wavelength

• Changes: The wavelength of light changes depending on the medium. It decreases in denser materials (like glass) and increases in less dense ones (like air).

Speed

• Changes: The speed of light changes when passing through different media. Light travels slower in denser materials and faster in less dense ones. For example, light travels slower in water than in air.

Illustration
When light moves from air to water, its speed and wavelength decrease, but its frequency stays the same.

Key Socio-Political Factors Influencing National Energy Policy

The National Energy Policy (NEP) is shaped by various socio-political factors that affect how energy resources are managed, distributed, and utilized across the country. These factors include:

1. Economic Growth and Development

• Energy Access: Economic growth demands more energy to power industries, transport, and households. The NEP focuses on expanding energy access, especially to rural and underserved areas.
• Affordability: Ensuring affordable energy for all is crucial for economic stability, particularly for low-income groups.

2. Social Equity

• Inclusive Development: The NEP emphasizes providing clean, affordable, and reliable energy to all sections of society, especially marginalized communities. Energy poverty is a major concern, and addressing this through policy initiatives is key to social equity.

3. Environmental Sustainability

• Renewable Energy: There is increasing pressure to move towards clean, renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydro, in order to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change.
• Climate Commitments: India’s commitments under global climate agreements influence energy policies to meet carbon reduction targets.

4. Political Will and Governance

• Policy Continuity: The political climate and government priorities can shape energy policies. The NEP must align with long-term development plans while adapting to changing political scenarios and energy needs.

5. Technological Advancements

• Innovation in Energy: Technological progress, such as smart grids and energy storage, drives policy shifts toward more efficient and sustainable energy solutions.

In conclusion, the NEP is influenced by a balance of economic, social, environmental, and political considerations to ensure energy security and sustainable growth for the country.

Ujjain, one of the oldest cities in India, holds immense religious and cultural importance.

Religious Importance:

• Jyotirlinga Temple: Ujjain is home to the Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga, one of the 12 sacred shrines dedicated to Lord Shiva.
• Kumbh Mela: Ujjain is one of the four places where the Kumbh Mela is held, drawing millions of Hindu devotees to bathe in the sacred Shipra River for spiritual purification.

Cultural Importance:

• Historical Hub: Ujjain was a major center of learning and culture in ancient India, associated with scholars like Kalidasa and the renowned astronomer, Varahamihira.
• Festivals: Ujjain celebrates various festivals, like Maha Shivaratri, with grand religious rituals and cultural events, preserving ancient traditions.

Ujjain remains a beacon of spirituality and culture, deeply embedded in India’s heritage.

Man-made disasters are catastrophic events caused by human actions, either intentional or accidental, that harm people, property, and the environment.

Examples of Man-Made Disasters:

• Industrial Accidents: Chemical spills or explosions in factories, such as the Bhopal Gas Tragedy in 1984.
• Oil Spills: Large-scale oil spills, like the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010, caused marine and environmental damage.
• Nuclear Accidents: Disasters like the Chornobyl disaster in 1986, which released harmful radiation.
• Cyber Attacks: Attacks on critical infrastructure, such as power grids or banking systems.

These disasters can have long-lasting impacts on communities and ecosystems.

The Parliamentary Committees that control public expenditure are:

• Public Accounts Committee (PAC): Examines government spending and ensures funds are used properly.
• Estimates Committee: Assesses the estimates of government expenditure and suggests improvements.
• Committee on Public Undertakings: Monitors the performance of public sector enterprises and their financial management.

These committees ensure accountability in government spending.