Four Determining Factors of Voting Behavior

Voting behavior is influenced by various factors. Here are four key determinants:

1. Socioeconomic Status

• Definition: Income and education levels impact voting choices.
• Illustration: Wealthier individuals may prioritize economic policies.

2. Political Ideology

• Definition: Beliefs and values shape preferences for political parties.
• Illustration: A person who values social justice may support progressive parties.

3. Party Loyalty

• Definition: Long-standing allegiance to a political party influences decisions.
• Illustration: Many voters stick with the same party across elections.

4. Influence of Family and Friends

• Definition: Social circles can sway individual voting decisions.
• Illustration: Discussions with family members can determine how someone votes.

These factors collectively shape how individuals approach elections.

Two Methods of Recruitment by the Union Public Service Commission

The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) uses various methods to recruit candidates for government positions. Here are two key methods:

1. Competitive Examinations

• Definition: Conducts tests to assess candidates’ knowledge and skills.
• Illustration: The Civil Services Examination selects candidates for prestigious posts like IAS and IPS.

2. Interviews

• Definition: Personal assessments to evaluate candidates’ suitability.
• Illustration: After passing exams, candidates face interviews to determine their capabilities and personality fit for roles.

These methods ensure that the best candidates are chosen for public service.

Four Aspects of Liberty in the Indian Constitution

The Indian Constitution ensures various aspects of liberty for its citizens. Here are four key aspects:

1. Freedom of Speech and Expression

• Definition: Citizens can express their opinions freely.
• Illustration: People can speak against government policies without fear.

2. Freedom of Assembly

• Definition: Right to gather peacefully.
• Illustration: Citizens can hold protests and meetings for their causes.

3. Freedom of Association

• Definition: Right to form groups or organizations.
• Illustration: Individuals can join political parties or social clubs.

4. Freedom of Movement

• Definition: Right to travel anywhere within the country.
• Illustration: Citizens can relocate for jobs or education without restrictions.

These aspects empower individuals and promote a free society.

Applications of Geo-Spatial Information

• Urban Planning:
  • Helps in designing efficient cities by analyzing land use.
• Disaster Management:
  • Assists in mapping flood zones and planning evacuations.
• Transportation:
  • Optimizes routes for logistics and traffic management.
• Environmental Monitoring:
  • Tracks deforestation and pollution levels.

Geo-spatial information enhances decision-making across various sectors.

Distinction Between Hazards and Disasters

• Hazards:
  • Potential threats that can cause harm, like earthquakes, floods, or toxic spills. For example, a flood-prone area is a hazard.
• Disasters:
  • Events that occur when a hazard impacts people and causes significant damage or loss, such as a flood that destroys homes and displaces families.

Understanding this difference helps in better preparedness and response strategies.