Controlling and Satisfying a Crowd through Persuasion Methods

**1. Effective Communication:

• Clear and Calm Messaging: It is crucial to communicate clearly and calmly to manage the crowd. Authorities should use loudspeakers or other communication tools to convey messages that address the crowd’s concerns. For instance, during the Farmers’ Protest in India (2020-2021), officials used clear messaging to explain government policies and ensure safety.

**2. Engagement and Empathy:

• Listening and Understanding: Engaging with crowd representatives and showing genuine empathy can help diffuse tensions. Authorities should listen to the crowd’s grievances and validate their concerns. During the Bhopal Gas Tragedy protests, authorities engaged with affected individuals to address their issues directly.

**3. Provision of Solutions:

• Immediate Action: Offering practical solutions or compromises can prevent escalation. For example, in Hong Kong’s anti-extradition protests (2019), officials addressed some demands of the protesters to reduce tensions.

**4. Maintaining Presence and Control:

• Visible Authority: A visible and respectful presence of authorities helps in controlling the situation. Police and officials should maintain a non-confrontational stance, as seen during the Delhi Riots (2020) where efforts were made to control violence through visible police presence and negotiation.

**5. Use of Mediation:

• Involving Neutral Parties: Mediators or respected community leaders can facilitate dialogue between the authorities and the crowd, helping to address issues without confrontation. In Chennai’s 2017 anti-sterlite protests, mediators played a role in calming tensions and negotiating with protesters.

By employing these persuasion methods, authorities can manage crowds effectively, reducing the likelihood of violence and ensuring that concerns are addressed in a constructive manner.

देखभाल अर्थव्यवस्था और मुद्रीकृत अर्थव्यवस्था के बीच अंतर:

देखभाल अर्थव्यवस्था:

• परिभाषा: देखभाल अर्थव्यवस्था में वे सेवाएँ शामिल हैं जो घर और समुदाय में देखभाल के काम को समर्पित होती हैं, जैसे कि बच्चों की देखभाल, बुजुर्गों की देखभाल, और घरेलू कामकाज। यह मुख्यतः अनौपचारिक क्षेत्र में होती है और इसमें महिलाओं का प्रमुख योगदान होता है।
• अवस्था: इसमें कई बार वेतन या सामाजिक मान्यता नहीं मिलती, और यह अक्सर स्वैच्छिक या परिवारिक जिम्मेदारी के रूप में देखी जाती है।
• उदाहरण: भारत में महिलाएं परिवार की देखभाल और घरेलू कामकाज की अधिकांश जिम्मेदारी निभाती हैं, जो आर्थिक रूप से मापी नहीं जाती।

मुद्रीकृत अर्थव्यवस्था:

• परिभाषा: मुद्रीकृत अर्थव्यवस्था वह है जिसमें सभी आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ बाजार में वित्तीय लेन-देन के माध्यम से संचालित होती हैं। इसमें औपचारिक कार्यक्षेत्र, वेतन, और सामाजिक सुरक्षा योजनाएँ शामिल होती हैं।
• अवस्था: इसमें आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ औपचारिक रूप से मापी जाती हैं और इसके लिए पारिश्रमिक प्राप्त होता है।
• उदाहरण: IT सेक्टर, सरकारी सेवाएँ, और औद्योगिक क्षेत्र में कामकाजी गतिविधियाँ जो औपचारिक और मुद्रीकृत होती हैं।

महिला सशक्तिकरण के माध्यम से देखभाल अर्थव्यवस्था को मुद्रीकृत अर्थव्यवस्था में लाना:

1. शिक्षा और प्रशिक्षण: महिलाओं को पेशेवर कौशल और शिक्षा प्रदान कर उनकी देखभाल क्षमताओं को पेशेवर क्षेत्र में बदलना। उदाहरण के तौर पर, भारत सरकार ने “स्टार्टअप इंडिया” योजना के अंतर्गत महिला उद्यमियों को समर्थन प्रदान किया है।
2. सामाजिक सुरक्षा योजनाएँ: देखभाल कार्य में लगे लोगों के लिए वेतन और सामाजिक सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करने के लिए नीतियाँ बनाना। जैसे कि, “आंगनवाड़ी सेविकाओं” को नियमित वेतन और सुविधाएँ प्रदान करने के प्रयास।
3. मान्यता और समर्थन: देखभाल कार्य को औपचारिक रूप से मान्यता देना और उसके लिए उचित पारिश्रमिक तय करना। उदाहरण के लिए, कनाडा ने घरेलू कामकाजी श्रमिकों के लिए न्यूनतम वेतन और कानूनी सुरक्षा का प्रावधान किया है।
4. पारिवारिक और कार्यस्थल समर्थन: महिलाओं को परिवार और कार्यस्थल पर समान अवसर प्रदान करना और मितव्ययी कामकाजी नीतियाँ लागू करना। भारत में मातृत्व लाभ कानून और कार्य-जीवन संतुलन के प्रयास इस दिशा में महत्वपूर्ण कदम हैं।

इस प्रकार, महिला सशक्तिकरण से देखभाल अर्थव्यवस्था को मुद्रीकृत अर्थव्यवस्था में बदलने के लिए शिक्षा, सामाजिक सुरक्षा, मान्यता और समर्थन आवश्यक हैं।

Care Economy vs. Monetized Economy:

Care Economy:

• Definition: The care economy encompasses all activities related to caregiving, including child care, elder care, and domestic work. These activities are primarily performed within households and are often unpaid or underpaid.
• Characteristics: It is characterized by labor that supports the well-being of individuals and families but is not always recognized or compensated monetarily. The care economy is crucial for maintaining social stability and supporting the workforce.
• Recent Example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the essential role of care workers, including nurses and home caregivers, became more apparent, highlighting the often-unpaid nature of care work.

Monetized Economy:

• Definition: The monetized economy refers to economic activities that are recognized and compensated with money. This includes formal employment, business transactions, and services that are bought and sold.
• Characteristics: It involves measurable economic transactions and is typically documented in national accounts and economic statistics.
• Recent Example: The rise of the gig economy, where workers earn income through tasks like ride-sharing or freelance work, is a prominent example of the monetized economy.

Bringing Care Economy into Monetized Economy through Women Empowerment:

1. Formalization of Care Work: Recognizing and formalizing care work can help integrate it into the monetized economy. For example, creating regulations for paid family leave and establishing standards for domestic workers can ensure that care work is compensated and valued.
2. Improving Wages and Conditions: Empowering women through better wages and working conditions in the care sector can enhance their economic participation. Initiatives like the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) work on fair wages for care workers can set benchmarks for fair compensation.
3. Access to Training and Resources: Providing training and resources for women in the care sector can improve their skills and employability. Programs that offer professional development and certification for caregivers can help elevate the status of care work and increase its economic value.
4. Support for Women Entrepreneurs: Encouraging women to start businesses in the care sector, such as child care centers or elder care services, can integrate the care economy into the monetized economy. Government schemes and financial support for women-led businesses can facilitate this transition.

Recent Example:

• India’s Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme: This scheme aims to improve the status of women and girls, including their participation in various economic activities. By supporting education and employment opportunities for women, it indirectly helps in recognizing and formalizing care work as part of the monetized economy.

Conclusion: Integrating the care economy into the monetized economy through women empowerment involves formalizing care work, improving wages and working conditions, providing training, and supporting women entrepreneurs. This approach not only enhances the recognition and compensation of care work but also contributes to economic growth and gender equality.

Structural Unemployment in India:

• Structural Unemployment in India is largely attributed to a mismatch between the skills of the workforce and the requirements of the job market. This form of unemployment is often persistent and affects various sectors differently due to rapid technological changes, shifts in economic patterns, and educational imbalances.

Methodology to Compute Unemployment:

1. Labour Force Survey (LFS): Conducted by the Ministry of Labour and Employment, the LFS uses various parameters such as Current Weekly Status (CWS) and Usual Status (PS) to measure unemployment. It captures data on the number of people actively seeking employment and their availability for work.
2. Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS): Since 2017, the PLFS has been used to provide more detailed and frequent updates on labour market indicators, including unemployment rates, employment patterns, and sectoral distribution. It includes urban and rural areas and provides quarterly and annual data.
3. NSSO Data: The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) also plays a crucial role by conducting surveys on employment and unemployment, providing data on various demographic and economic factors.

Suggestions for Improvement:

1. Real-Time Data Collection: Implementing real-time data collection systems using digital technologies can provide more timely and accurate employment statistics. For example, integrating data from job portals and employment exchanges can enhance the precision of unemployment figures.
2. Skill Mapping and Training: Conducting regular skill mapping exercises and aligning educational curricula with industry needs can address structural unemployment. Initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) aim to improve vocational skills but need more widespread implementation.
3. Regional Disaggregation: Providing more granular data on unemployment at regional and sectoral levels can help in crafting targeted policies. Enhanced regional analysis can better address the specific needs of different states and industries.
4. Strengthening Labour Market Institutions: Improving the efficacy of institutions responsible for job placement and career counseling can facilitate better job matching and reduce unemployment.

Recent Example:

• COVID-19 Pandemic Impact: The pandemic exacerbated structural unemployment due to disruptions in various sectors, highlighting the need for improved data and targeted interventions. The government’s Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative includes measures to address unemployment through support for small and medium enterprises and job creation.

Conclusion: The methodology for computing unemployment in India relies on periodic surveys and data collection, but there is a need for improvements in real-time data accuracy, skill alignment, regional analysis, and institutional support. Addressing these areas can help mitigate structural unemployment and better align the workforce with market demands.

Threat of UAVs:

• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, pose a significant threat to internal security as they can be used by adversaries to transport arms, ammunition, and illicit substances across borders. These UAVs can evade traditional security measures and are increasingly being employed in smuggling operations.

Measures to Tackle the Threat:

1. Enhanced Surveillance and Detection: Governments are deploying advanced radar and sensor systems to detect and track UAVs. For instance, India has implemented drone detection systems along its borders, including the use of ground-based radars and aerial surveillance.
2. Upgraded Security Protocols: Border security forces are improving their protocols for detecting and intercepting drones. India has deployed anti-drone technology and integrated it with existing border security operations to prevent unauthorized drone activities.
3. Legislative and Policy Measures: New regulations and policies are being introduced to control the use of drones. For example, the Civil Aviation Ministry of India has set strict guidelines for drone operations and registration to prevent misuse.
4. International Cooperation: Countries are collaborating to share intelligence and technology related to UAV threats. India is working with neighboring countries to enhance cross-border security and prevent the misuse of drones.

Conclusion: The use of UAVs for illegal activities presents a serious internal security threat. Measures such as advanced surveillance, upgraded security protocols, stringent regulations, and international cooperation are crucial in addressing and mitigating this risk.