Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating units called monomers. They can be natural or synthetic and are essential in many materials we use daily.

Examples of Bio-Polymers

1. Cellulose
   • Found in the cell walls of plants, it provides structure and strength.
2. Starch
   • A storage form of energy in plants, commonly found in foods like potatoes and grains.

These bio-polymers play vital roles in nature and human life.

Oxygen Transport

• Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues.

Carbon Dioxide Removal

• It also helps transport carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs for exhalation.

Key Points

• Iron Content: Hemoglobin contains iron, which binds to oxygen, giving blood its red color.
• Essential for Life: Without hemoglobin, our cells wouldn’t get the oxygen they need to function properly.

1. Composition

• Soap: Made from natural fats and oils through a process called saponification.
• Detergent: Made from synthetic materials, often petroleum-based.

2. Effectiveness in Hard Water

• Soap: Can form scum in hard water, making it less effective.
• Detergent: Works well in hard water and doesn’t produce scum, ensuring better cleaning.

Summary

In essence, soap is natural and less effective in hard water, while detergents are synthetic and perform better in various water conditions.

Analog Signals

• Continuous signals that vary smoothly over time.
• Example: A vinyl record produces sound waves that are continuous.

Digital Signals

• Discrete signals that represent data in binary form (0s and 1s).
• Example: CDs and digital audio files store sound as distinct values.

Summary

In essence, analog signals are smooth and continuous, while digital signals are made up of distinct, separate values.

β- Decay

• In β- decay, a neutron converts into a proton, emitting an electron (β particle) and an antineutrino.
• Example: Carbon-14 decays into Nitrogen-14 through this process.

β+ Decay

• In β+ decay, a proton transforms into a neutron, releasing a positron (the electron’s antiparticle) and a neutrino.
• Example: Fluorine-18 decays into Oxygen-18 via this mechanism.

These processes are crucial for understanding radioactive decay and nuclear stability.