Volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis are interconnected natural disasters that can trigger or exacerbate each other. *Relationship between Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Tsunamis:* 1. Volcanic eruptions can trigger earthquakes due to movement of magma and gas. 2. Earthquakes can trigger volcanic eruptiRead more
Volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis are interconnected natural disasters that can trigger or exacerbate each other.
*Relationship between Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Tsunamis:*
1. Volcanic eruptions can trigger earthquakes due to movement of magma and gas.
2. Earthquakes can trigger volcanic eruptions by disturbing magma chambers.
3. Volcanic eruptions can generate tsunamis through pyroclastic flows or lahars (mudflows).
4. Tsunamis can trigger earthquakes and volcanic eruptions by altering stress on the seafloor.
*Causes of Volcanic Eruptions:*
*Internal Factors:*
1. Magma buildup and pressure
2. Plate tectonics and subduction
3. Volatiles (water, carbon dioxide) in magma
4. Decrease in pressure (e.g., volcanic cone collapse)
5. Increase in temperature
*External Factors:*
1. Earthquakes (triggering magma movement)
2. Ground deformation (inflation/deflation)
3. Changes in groundwater levels
4. Weather patterns (heavy rainfall, storms)
5. Human activities (drilling, mining)
*Types of Volcanic Eruptions:*
1. Explosive (violent, gas-rich)
2. Effusive (non-explosive, lava flows)
3. Phreatomagmatic (interaction with water)
4. Vulcanian (intermediate, ash-rich)
5. Pelean (pyroclastic flows)
*Tsunami Generation:*
1. Volcanic eruptions (pyroclastic flows, lahars)
2. Earthquakes (seafloor displacement)
3. Landslides (submarine or coastal)
4. Meteorite impacts
*Earthquake-Volcano Interactions:*
1. Volcanic unrest (increased seismicity)
2. Magma movement triggering earthquakes
3. Earthquake-induced volcanic eruptions
4. Changes in volcanic gas emissions
*Notable Examples:*
1. 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami (triggered by earthquake and volcanic activity)
2. 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption (triggered by earthquake)
3. 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami (triggered volcanic eruptions)
4. 1815 Mount Tambora eruption (triggered tsunami)
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Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the Home Minister in the interim government, was responsible for unifying these to create a united country I.e. India. He played a crucial role in integrating the princely states in India. It can be seen as following: JawaharLal Nehru asked him to integrate the princely staRead more
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the Home Minister in the interim government, was responsible for unifying these to create a united country I.e. India. He played a crucial role in integrating the princely states in India. It can be seen as following:
JawaharLal Nehru asked him to integrate the princely states and with the help of VP Menon, Patel drafted an instrument of accession to be signed by the rulers. By signing the instrument, the princely states agreed to hand over control of defence, foreign affairs, and communications to the Union government.
Patel also introduced the idea of ‘privy purses,’ making payments to the royal families in lieu of their joining India. Most of the states joined the India, however, some states like Travancore and Bhopal were still hesitant to join India and the Constituent Assembly.
Patel took following actions to integrate these princely states:
Hyderabad: When the Nizam of Hyderabad was contemplating either remaining independent or joining Pakistan, Patel sent a contingent of troops into the state to support the freedom struggle going on in the state against the Nizam. Within four days, India had control of Hyderabad.
Jodhpur: The Prince of Jodhpur wanted to join Pakistan. When Patel got wind of the situation, he immediately contacted him, offering several benefits to get the Prince to accede to India.
Junagadh: The Nawab of Junagadh had accepted Pakistan’s offer. As the locals revolted against the Nawab, he fled to Karachi. Patel then requested Pakistan to allow organizing a plebiscite in Junagadh. He later sent troops to force the annexation of its three principalities. The Dewan of Junagadh was forced to accede to India. A plebiscite was held, where 91 percent of the population voted to remain in India.
Kashmir: The Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, was reluctant to join either India or Pakistan. When armed tribesmen from Pakistan entered Kashmir, the Maharaja appealed to India for help. Patel and Nehru agreed to send in help if Singh signed the instrument of accession. Thus, Kashmir was included in the Union of India.
Manipur: It became a constitutional monarchy in 1948. In the Legislative Assembly of Manipur there were sharp differences over the question of merger of Manipur with India. The Maharaja Bodhchandra was pressured by the government of India to sign the instrument of accession.
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