RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read-Only Memory) are two types of memory used in computers, but they serve different purposes and have distinct characteristics.

RAM (Random Access Memory):

• Volatility: RAM is volatile, meaning it loses its data when the computer is turned off.
• Function: It serves as the computer’s short-term memory, temporarily storing data and programs that are currently in use, allowing quick access and manipulation by the CPU.
• Speed: RAM is fast, enabling quick read and write operations, which is essential for running applications smoothly.
• Usage: Used for running programs, loading operating systems, and managing active processes.

ROM (Read-Only Memory):

• Volatility: ROM is non-volatile, retaining its data even when the computer is powered off.
• Function: It stores firmware and essential boot-up instructions that the computer needs to start up and initialize hardware components.
• Speed: ROM is slower compared to RAM, and the data stored in it is typically not meant to be modified frequently.
• Usage: Used to store the BIOS or firmware, which initializes hardware during the booting process.

In summary, RAM is temporary and fast, used for active tasks, while ROM is permanent and slower, used for essential system instructions.

RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read-Only Memory) are two types of memory used in computers, but they serve different purposes and have distinct characteristics.

RAM (Random Access Memory):

• Volatility: RAM is volatile, meaning it loses its data when the computer is turned off.
• Function: It serves as the computer’s short-term memory, temporarily storing data and programs that are currently in use, allowing quick access and manipulation by the CPU.
• Speed: RAM is fast, enabling quick read and write operations, which is essential for running applications smoothly.
• Usage: Used for running programs, loading operating systems, and managing active processes.

ROM (Read-Only Memory):

• Volatility: ROM is non-volatile, retaining its data even when the computer is powered off.
• Function: It stores firmware and essential boot-up instructions that the computer needs to start up and initialize hardware components.
• Speed: ROM is slower compared to RAM, and the data stored in it is typically not meant to be modified frequently.
• Usage: Used to store the BIOS or firmware, which initializes hardware during the booting process.

In summary, RAM is temporary and fast, used for active tasks, while ROM is permanent and slower, used for essential system instructions.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the field of computer science that focuses on creating systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. These tasks include reasoning, learning, problem-solving, understanding natural language, recognizing patterns, and making decisions.

AI can be divided into several subfields:

1. Machine Learning: Systems learn from data to make predictions or decisions.
2. Natural Language Processing (NLP): Enables machines to understand and interact using human language.
3. Computer Vision: Allows machines to interpret and understand visual information from the world.
4. Robotics: Involves designing robots that can perform tasks autonomously.

AI systems can be narrow (designed for specific tasks, like virtual assistants) or general (capable of performing a wide range of tasks, though this is still largely theoretical).

AI has applications across various domains, including healthcare, finance, transportation, and entertainment, transforming industries by automating processes and enhancing decision-making capabilities.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the field of computer science that focuses on creating systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. These tasks include reasoning, learning, problem-solving, understanding natural language, recognizing patterns, and making decisions.

AI can be divided into several subfields:

1. Machine Learning: Systems learn from data to make predictions or decisions.
2. Natural Language Processing (NLP): Enables machines to understand and interact using human language.
3. Computer Vision: Allows machines to interpret and understand visual information from the world.
4. Robotics: Involves designing robots that can perform tasks autonomously.

AI systems can be narrow (designed for specific tasks, like virtual assistants) or general (capable of performing a wide range of tasks, though this is still largely theoretical).

AI has applications across various domains, including healthcare, finance, transportation, and entertainment, transforming industries by automating processes and enhancing decision-making capabilities.

A stack and a queue are both linear data structures, but they differ in how they handle data.

Stack:

• Data Handling: Follows Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) principle.
• Operations: Key operations include push (adding an item) and pop (removing the last added item). The peek operation allows viewing the top item without removing it.
• Use Cases: Used in undo mechanisms, function call management (call stack), and expression evaluation (e.g., parsing mathematical expressions).

Queue:

• Data Handling: Follows First-In, First-Out (FIFO) principle.
• Operations: Key operations include enqueue (adding an item to the back) and dequeue (removing the front item). The peek operation allows viewing the front item without removing it.
• Use Cases: Used in task scheduling, managing requests in servers, and breadth-first search algorithms.

In essence, a stack is like a stack of plates, where you can only add or remove the top one, while a queue is like a line of people, where the first person in line is served first.