The evolution of rock-cut architecture in India began with the early Buddhist caves, such as those at Barabar (3rd century BCE), which were simple and austere. Over time, the complexity and artistry of these structures increased, as seen in the Ajanta and Ellora caves (2nd century BCE to 10th century CE), which showcased intricate carvings and paintings.

Initially, rock-cut architecture was predominantly religious, serving as monasteries, temples, and shrines for Buddhists, Jains, and Hindus. Examples include the Buddhist Chaitya halls and Viharas, Jain temples like those at Udayagiri and Khandagiri, and Hindu rock-cut temples such as the Kailasa temple at Ellora.

While the majority of ancient Indian rock-cut structures were religious, some secular examples exist, like the rock-cut amphitheater at Pathari. However, religious purposes dominated, reflecting the spiritual and devotional priorities of the time, significantly influencing the architectural landscape.